Table 1.
Sources and Reliabilities of the Scales
| Measure (No. of items) | Sample Item | Source | Alpha |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescent Personal Attributes | |||
| Delinquency (5) | How often have you gotten into a serious fight at school or work? (1=never, 5=five or more times) | [44] | 0.63 |
| Depressive Mood (5) | Over the last few years, on average, how much were you bothered by feeling no interest in things? (1=not at all, 5=extremely) | [45] | 0.68 |
| Rebelliousness (5) | When rules and regulations get in the way, you sometimes ignore them. (1=false, 4=true) | [46] | 0.52 |
| Tolerance of deviance (6) | How wrong do you think it is to fake a school excuse note from home? (1=very wrong, 4=not wrong) | [47] | 0.81 |
| Peer | |||
| Drinking (1) | How many of your friends drink alcohol at least once a week? (1=none, 4=most) | [26] | — |
| Marijuana (1) | How many of your friends have ever used dagga? (1=none, 4=most) | [26] | — |
| Other illegal drugs (1) | How many of your friends have ever used other illegal drugs like cocaine, crack, heroin, mandrax, ecstasy? (1=none, 4=most) | [26] | — |
| Smoking (1) | How many of your friends smoke cigarettes on a daily basis? (1=none, 4=most) | [26] | — |
| Parental Attributes | |||
| Drug Use | |||
| Maternal smoking (1) | How many cigarettes does your mother usually smoke? (1=none, 6=more than 1 pack a day) | [26] | — |
| Maternal drinking (1) | How often does your mother usually drink alcohol? (1=never, 5=3 or more drinks a day) | [26] | — |
| Maternal marijuana use (1) | How often does your mother use dagga/hashish? (1=never, 5=once a week or more) | [26] | — |
| Paternal smoking (1) | How many cigarettes does your father usually smoke? (1=none, 6=more than 1 pack a day) | [26] | — |
| Paternal drinking (1) | How often does your father usually drink alcohol? (1=never, 5=3 or more drinks a day) | [26] | — |
| Paternal marijuana use (1) | How often does your father use dagga/hashish? (1=never, 5=once a week or more) | [26] | — |
| Child Rearing | |||
| Maternal rules (6) | Does your mother (or female guardian) have definite rules about telling her your whereabouts when you are not home? (1=yes, 0=no) | [26] | 0.61 |
| Maternal child-centeredness (5) | She likes to talk with you and be with you much of the time. (1=not at all true, 4=very true) | [48] | 0.84 |
| Maternal identification (3) | How much do you admire your mother? (1=not at all, 5=in every way) | [26] | .70 |
| Paternal rules (6) | Does your father have definite rules about telling him your whereabouts when you are not home? (1=yes, 0=no) | [26] | 0.76 |
| Paternal child-centeredness (5) | He gives you a lot of care and attention. (1=not at all true, 4=very true) | [48] | 0.87 |
| Paternal identification (3) | How much would you like to be the kind of person your father is? (1=not at all, 5=in every way) | [26] | 0.84 |
| Environmental Stressors | |||
| Hunger (1) | How often do the people in your household go hungry or have no food to eat? (1=never, 4=often) | [49] | — |
| Amenities (7) | Does your house have electricity? (1=yes, 0=no) | [49] | — |
| Violence towards subject (5) | How often has someone held a weapon, like a club, gun, or knife to you? (1=never, 5= 5 or more times) | [17] | 0.58 |
| Discrimination (4) | How much have you experienced discrimination because of your group membership at school? (1=not at all, 4=very much) | 0.64 |