Table 2.
Bivariate associations between CES-D–defined depressive symptoms and demographic and health characteristics
| CES-D <9 | CES-D ≥9 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical characteristics | |||
| Ethnic group | |||
| White | 40 (13.6) | 0.080 | |
| African American | 32 (14.6) | ||
| Native American | 38 (21.0) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 71 (20.7) | 0.0005 | |
| Male | 39 (11.1) | ||
| Marital status | |||
| Not married | 67 (19.3) | 0.013 | |
| Married | 43 (12.4) | ||
| Formal education (n = 695) | |||
| Less than high school | 95 (21.1) | <0.0001 | |
| High school | 13 (9.0) | ||
| At least some college | 2 (2.0) | ||
| Poverty status (n = 666) | |||
| On Medicaid | 52 (22.1) | 0.0019 | |
| No Medicaid, household income <$25,000 | 43 (14.2) | ||
| No Medicaid, household income >$25,000 | 11 (8.6) | ||
| Number in household | |||
| 1 | 30 (14.1) | 0.17 | |
| 2 | 50 (14.8) | ||
| ≥3 | 30 (20.8) | ||
| Diabetes therapy | |||
| No medication | 17 (19.8) | 0.54 | |
| Oral agent only | 65 (15.6) | ||
| Insulin with or without oral agents | 28 (14.6) | ||
| Number of prescription medications (n = 691) | |||
| ≤5 | 28 (8.7) | <0.0001 | |
| >5 | 81 (22.0) | ||
| Number of chronic conditions | |||
| ≤5 | 51 (10.7) | <0.0001 | |
| >5 | 59 (26.8) | ||
| Continuous characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 74.1 ± 5.32 | 74.1 ± 5.87 | 0.96 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 12.5 ± 10.99 | 12.4 ± 10.98 | 0.95 |
| BMI (kg/m2)(n = 664) | 29.6 ± 5.88 | 29.5 ± 5.94 | 0.85 |
| HbA1c (%) (n = 691) | 6.8 ± 1.31 | 6.8 ± 1.41 | 0.55 |
| SF-12 physical component score (n = 664) | 36.2 ± 11.59 | 29.5 ± 8.16 | <0.0001 |
Data are n (%) or means ± SD.