FIG. 4.
Effects of H. pylori on T lymphocytes. Multiple H. pylori factors can suppress T-cell activity. VacA inhibits NFAT activity in T cells, leading to diminished IL-2 production, and also inhibits T-cell proliferation (37, 77, 219). Arginase inhibits T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling (256). An unidentified low-molecular-weight protein has been reported to inhibit T-cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression (78).