TABLE 1.

Cytoplasmic/mitochondrial substrates for endogenous covalent mono-ADP-ribosylation

Substrate(s)	Amino acid modification site(s)	Functional relevance	Reference(s)
Glutamate dehydrogenase isozymes (hGDH1 and hGDH2)	C119	Inhibits substrate activity	78
Desmin (intermediate filament protein)	R48 and R68	Inhibition of assembly of desmin into 10-nm intermediate filaments	464
Tubulin	Arginine residues	Assembly inhibition and rapid depolymerization	351, 403
Alpha-actin	R95 and R372	Delay in polymerization, decreased rate of nucleation	183
Beta-actin	Arginine residues	Inhibition of actin polymerization	401
G-actin	R28 and R206	Inhibition of actin polymerization	402
F-actin	R28	Inhibition of actin polymerization	402
Myelin basic protein	Arginine residues	Stabilization of myelin?	444
Glutamine synthetase	Arginine residues	Inactivation	282
GTP-binding protein Gi alpha subunits	Cysteine residues	Attenuates inhibition of adenylate cyclase by epinephrine; regulation of hormonal control of the adenylate cyclase system	83, 393, 397
Transducin, GTP-binding protein Go alpha subunits	N343(?), D346(?), C347(?), arginine residues (R147)?	Activation of a retinal cyclic GMP-selective phosphodiesterase	45, 83, 250
GTP-binding protein Gs alpha subunits	Arginine residues	Activation of the adenylate cyclase system	172, 326
GTP-binding protein beta subunits	R129	Inactivation, prevents the inhibition of type 1 adenylyl cyclase	240
cGMP-phosphodiesterase gamma subunit	R33 and R36	Activation	43
Phosphoprotein B-50/GAP-43	C3 and C4	Cytosolic localization	320
Neurogranin	NAa	NA	81
Glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78/BiP)	NA	NA	221, 227

^aNA, not analyzed.