Figure 1.

(A) Chelymorpha cassidea and (B) Gratiana pallidula, two cassidine beetle larvae that carry fecal shields above their backs. The shields also contain exuviae, as is apparent in B. (C) Larva of the cassidine Cassida rubiginosa, from which the fecal shield has been removed to expose the caudal fork that ordinarily holds the shield. (D) Hemisphaerota cyanea, adult. (E) Larva of same, beside egg, 40 min after hatching (note single fecal strand). (F) Same larva, 1.6 h after hatching (fifth fecal strand is being extruded). (G) Same larva, 12 h after hatching (thatch is virtually completed). (H) Thatch of a third instar larva. (I) Same as preceding, pried up to show the larva. (A–C, ×5; D, ×7.5; E–G, ×10; H and I, ×4.)