Table 4.
Univariate Cox regression, hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval (n = 759)
| Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% CI |
| BMD ≤ 0.95 g/cm2 | 1.8 | 1.2–2.8 |
| Osteoporosis* | 1.5 | 0.9–2.3 |
| Osteopenia* | 1.3 | 0.9–2.0 |
| Low BMD* | 1.9 | 1.2–3.1 |
| Age > 60 years | 1.7 | 1.1–2.6 |
| Weight ≤ 70 kg | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 |
| Height >160 cm | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 |
| BMI ≤ 27 kg/m2 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.7 |
| Fertility years ≤ 35 years | 1.0 | 0.7–1.6 |
| Pregnancies > 3 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.1 |
| Calcium intake ≤ 900 mg | 1.3 | 0.9–2.0 |
| Fracture history after menopause | 5.2 | 3.4–7.7 |
| Use of birth control pill > 5 years | 1.2 | 0.7–1.9 |
| Use of hormones >5 years | 3.3 | 0.8–13.6 |
| Ovariectomy | 1.1 | 0.7–1.9 |
| Hysterectomy | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 |
| Menopause below the age of 45 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 |
| Perimenopausal complaints | 1.4 | 0.9–2.3 |
| Family history of osteoporosis | 1.2 | 0.7–2.1 |
| Coffee intake ≥ 5 per day | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 |
| Alcohol intake ≥ 5 per week | 1.0 | 0.6–1.8 |
| Smoking (past)† | 1.6 | 1.0–2.4 |
| Smoking (present)† | 1.7 | 1.0–2.8 |
| Sports (past)† | 1.0 | 0.6–1.4 |
| Sports (present)† | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 |
| Occupational exercise in the past | ||
| Mild | 0.3 | 0.0–2.1 |
| Moderate | 0.8 | 0.5–1.4 |
| High | Reference | Reference |
BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index.
*Osteoporosis = T <-2.5; osteopenia = T >-2.5 and T < -1.0; low BMD = T <-1.0.
†Smoking past and present, and sports past and present were dichotomised as yes/no.