Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Some Remedies and Independent Variables by Ethnicity
| Total % (n) M (SD) | White % (n) M (SD) | Black% % (n) M (SD) | Native American % (n) M (SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Remedy Use | ||||
| Food home remedies (χ2) | 52.7 (367) | 43.2 (128) | 59.1 (130) | 60.2 (109) |
| Other home remedies (χ2) | 57.2 (399) | 44.8 (133) | 65.0 (143) | 67.9 (123) |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 65 – 74 | 57.1 (398) | 56.6 (168) | 56.4 (124) | 58.6 (106) |
| 75 – 84 | 38.5 (269) | 38.4 (114) | 40.5 (89) | 36.5 (66) |
| 85+ | 4.4 (31) | 5.1 (15) | 3.2 (7) | 5.0 (9) |
| Education (χ2) | ||||
| Less than 8th grade | 40.6 (284) | 27.3 (81) | 42.5 (93) | 60.8 (110) |
| 9th to 11th grade | 24.3 (169) | 21.9 (65) | 29.2 (64) | 22.1 (40) |
| High school graduate or GED | 21.0 (145) | 27.3 (81) | 19.6 (43) | 11.6 (21) |
| Greater than high school | 14.1 (99) | 23.6 (70) | 8.7 (19) | 5.5 (10) |
| Availability of Care | ||||
| >30 minutes to health care provider | 25.7 (178) | 26.3 (78) | 26.5 (58) | 23.6 (42) |
| Distance to primary provider | ||||
| Less than 5 miles (low quartile) | 26.3 (188) | 24.9 (74) | 32.7 (72) | 23.2 (42) |
| 5 to 9 miles (2nd quartile) | 26.5 (185) | 25.6 (76) | 23.6 (52) | 31.5 (57) |
| 10 to 17 miles (3rd quartile) | 21.4 (149) | 21.2 (63) | 20.9 (46) | 22.1 (40) |
| Greater than 17 miles (top quartile) | 25.2 (176) | 28.3 (84) | 22.7 (50) | 23.2 (42) |
| Distance to diabetes education location (χ2) | ||||
| Less than 5 miles (low quartile) | 24.1 (168) | 26.3 (78) | 24.6 (54) | 19.9 (36) |
| 5 to 10 miles (2nd quartile) | 24.4 (170) | 23.6 (70) | 23.6 (52) | 26.5 (48) |
| 10 to 17 miles (3rd quartile) | 27.8 (194) | 25.9 (77) | 22.3 (49) | 37.6 (68) |
| Greater than 17 miles (top quartile) | 23.8 (166) | 24.2 (72) | 29.6 (65) | 16.0 (29) |
| Rurality | ||||
| Live on a road w/ a paved surface (χ2) | 81.0 (563) | 82.1 (243) | 84.9 (185) | 74.6 (135) |
| Residential location (χ2) | ||||
| In town | 39.6 (275) | 40.5 (120) | 50.0 (109) | 25.4 (46) |
| Near town | 19.7 (137) | 24.0 (71) | 20.2 (44) | 12.2 (22) |
| Open country | 40.7 (283) | 35.5 (105) | 29.8 (65) | 62.4 (113) |
| Economic Hardship | ||||
| Medicaid receipt (χ2) | 33.8 (236) | 16.8 (50) | 40.9 (90) | 53.1 (96) |
| Supplemental private insurance (χ2) | 43.6 (304) | 66.6 (197) | 27.7 (61) | 25.4 (46) |
| Household income (χ2) | ||||
| <$10,000 | 35.9 (230) | 20.9 (58) | 47.7 (94) | 47.3 (78) |
| $10,000 to $14,999 | 21.4 (137) | 19.4 (54) | 19.3 (38) | 27.3 (45) |
| $15,000 to $24,999 | 20.8 (133) | 27.3 (76) | 18.8 (37) | 12.1 (20) |
| ≥$25,000 | 21.9 (140) | 32.4 (90) | 14.2 (28) | 13.3 (22) |
| Financial hardshipa | 2.58 (1.09) | 2.45 (1.04) | 2.79 (1.09)c | 2.55 (1.16) |
| Discretionary moneya | 2.31 (1.09) | 2.62 (1.16) | 1.97 (1.01)c | 2.19 (1.07)c |
| Health Inequality | ||||
| Number of chronic conditionsa | 4.69 (2.13) | 4.61 (2.18) | 4.31 (1.98) | 5.28 (2.22)b,c |
| Years w/diabetesa | 13.01 (10.62) | 12.56 (10.55) | 14.25 (11.48) | 12.21 (9.58) |
| Level of functional impairmenta | 21.80 (6.23) | 20.67 (6.45) | 22.09 (6.35)c | 23.29 (5.69)c |
| Pain severitya | 2.46 (1.31) | 2.33 (1.29) | 2.39 (1.31) | 2.74 (1.35)c |
Note. Estimates obtained from the ELDER data.
χ2
refers to significant differences (P<.05) by ethnicity in categorical variables as determined by chi-square tests
a
signifies reported values are means and standard deviations
b
signifies significant mean difference (P<.05) in contrast to Blacks
c
signifies significant mean difference (P<.05) in contrast to whites