Figure 2.

Relative defoliation rate of T. ni feeding on various Arabidopsis wild-type plants and defense-related mutants. The bars represent the means (±ses) of the relative defoliation rates obtained by comparing the extent of defoliation for each particular ecotype, transgenic, or mutant plant with the average extent of defoliation observed for the relevant wild-type plants that had been planted side by side with the particular experimental plants. The asterisks indicate the significance level, determined by permutation tests, of the defoliation differences between control plants (Col in the case of nahG, npr1, pad4, eds5, sid2, acd2, cpr1, cpr6, and Ler indicated by open bars, and Ler in the case of nahG-Ler and eds1-2 indicated by hatched bars) and experimental plants. ns, Not significant; P > 0.05, * 0.01< P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.