Larval weight gain of T. ni feeding on wild-type Arabidopsis plants and R gene mutant plants that were infiltrated with various strains of Psm ES4326. As described in “Materials and Methods,” lower leaves were inoculated with 10 mm MgSO4 or with Psm ES4326(pLAFR), Psm ES4326(avrRpt2), or Psm ES4326(avrB). Four days later, the inoculated leaves were removed and newly hatched T. ni larvae were placed on the upper leaves. Larval weight gain was measured after 5 d of feeding. For each experiment, weight gain data were normalized to the weight gain of larvae feeding on mock-inoculated wild-type Col plants. The bars represent the means (±ses, ANOVA) of relative weight gain from four independent experiments. The numbers above each bar correspond to the Bonferroni adjusted P values from multiple t tests. The P values for bacteria-treated wild-type or R gene mutant plants are from multiple comparisons against mock-treated wild-type or R gene mutant plants, correspondingly. ns, Not significant; P > 0.05, * 0.01 < P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.