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Proposed pathway for the production of the 3,4-dihydroxy-α-methylcinnamic acid moiety of hygromycin A. The bold bonds indicate intact labeling of hygromycin A from [2,3-13C2]propionate. The “13” indicates labeling of the hygromycin A by [carboxy-13C]4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Wavy lines indicate no detectable incorporation of 13C label from phenylalanine, tyrosine, and benzoic acid. SR is a CoA or acyl carrier protein thioester.
