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. 2005 Sep 15;3(6):99–109. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2005.0071

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Phylogeny of the butterflies. Classification of Papilionidae (T. brookiana, T. magellanus) follows GloBIS (Hauser et al. 2005), Parsons (1996), Morinaka et al. (1999) and Reed & Sperling (2001), classification of Nymphalidae (C. aegina, M. didius, P. humboldtii, D. neglecta, E. midamus, P. peristera, C. martia, E. aesacus) follows Harvey (1991), Ackery et al. (1999), Brower (2000). Wahlberg et al. (2003) and Freitas & Brown (2004). Colour is used to indicate which type of multi-layer structure each species possesses (ridge-lamellae=blue, microrib=red, forward tilted multi-layer=green, backward tilted multi-layer=yellow). Ancestral structures are inferred using either (a) simple parsimony (Fitch 1971) or (b) Dollo parsimony (Farris 1977; Felsenstein 1989), and are shown in the same colours with a schematic of the type of structure used to indicate the node(s) at which is it predicted to have evolved. In both cases, the progressive evolution of more complex microstructures is observed.