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In vivo hemodynamic measurements of the left ventricle. Left ventricular pressure was measured using a Millar microtip catheter inserted through the right carotid artery. a: Left ventricular pressure recordings from a wild-type (left) and an ACE 8/8 mouse (right). b: First-degree differential derived from the ventricular pressure wave forms, which is dP/dt. c: Hemodynamic parameters calculated from ventricular pressure recordings. Data are mean ± SEM. n, number of animals studied.
