Table 3.
Psychiatric and substance use correlates by GAM-IV-S© gambling status
| Full sample | Full sample | Non-gamblers | Recreationala gamblers | Sub-thresholdb gamblers | PGDc | Wald-χ2d (df) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (Wtd. %) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| 381 (42) | 404 (43) | 107 (12) | 21 (2.5) | ||||
| PHQ | |||||||
| Major depression | 39 (4) | 19 (5) | 11 (3) | 6 (4) | 3 (19) | 8 | 0.005 |
| Ever taken psychiatric medicine | 268 (29) | 109 (26) | 117 (28) | 32 (29) | 7 (38) | 1 | 0.79 |
| Generalized anxiety | 42 (5) | 17 (5) | 13 (3) | 9 (6) | 3 (19) | 8 | 0.04 |
| Binge eating | 67 (7) | 24 (6) | 26 (7) | 13 (12) | 3 (12) | 6 | 0.09 |
| Thoughts of death/harm | 62 (7) | 26 (7) | 21 (6) | 10 (10) | 5 (29) | 9 | 0.03 |
| Suicide attempts | 54 (6) | 27 (7) | 15 (4) | 9 (9) | 3 (13) | 5 | 0.17 |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 175 (19) | 44 (12) | 98 (25) | 28 (29) | 5 (26) | 22 | <0.001 |
| Tobacco dependence | 177 (20) | 51 (13) | 84 (19) | 34 (31) | 8 (38) | 15 | 0.002 |
| TCI | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | F (df = 1) | ||
| Novelty seeking | −9 (5) | −2 (5) | 24 (10) | 105 (34) | 11 | 0.001 | |
| Harm avoidance | 9 (5) | −10 (5) | 1 (10) | 17 (31) | 1 | 0.34 | |
| Reward dependence | 9 (5) | −7 (5) | −2 (11) | −29 (24) | 2 | 0.18 | |
| Persistence | 0 (5) | −2 (5) | 14 (11) | −16 (28) | 0 | 0.87 | |
| Self-directedness | 7 (5) | 3 (5) | −25 (10) | −81 (26) | 14 | <0.001 | |
| Cooperativeness | 15 (5) | −6 (5) | −19 (11) | −80 (28) | 17 | <0.001 | |
| Self-transcendence | 11 (5) | −11 (5) | 5 (10) | −31 (22) | 2 | 0.21 | |
a
Recreational gamblers = gamblers without DSM-IV pathological gambling criteria.
b
Sub-threshold = gamblers meeting 1-4 DSM-IV pathological gambling criteria.
c
PGD = gamblers meeting 5–10 criteria, thus being diagnosed with pathological gambling disorder.