Table 1.

Differences and similarities in between-nest and intra-nest propagation between fungus-growing termites and fungus-growing ants.

	fungus-growing termites	fungus-growing ants
between-nest fungal symbiont transmission mode	sexual, horizontal (with two known exceptions of clonal vertical uniparental transmission)	vertical, clonal, uniparental, occasionally horizontal
intra-nest propagation of fungus	asexual, via spores	asexual, via mycelial growth
number of fungal strains per nest	single-strain monoculture (needs to be confirmed)	single-strain monoculture
how is monoculture achieved?	fungal symbiont undergoes recurrent bottlenecks	vertical uniparental transmission, in combination with active rejection of genetically different clones by resident fungal clone