Table 5.
RRs (95% CIs) for noninvasive and invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in relation to nitrate exposure via food and drinking water and estimated total nitrate exposure: the Netherlands Cohort Study, 1986–1995.
| Noninvasive (Tis, Ta, T1)
|
Invasive (T2–4)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate exposure | Range (mg/day) | Cases | Subcohort (PY) | RR (95% CI) | Cases | Subcohort (PY) | RR (95% CI) |
| Food | |||||||
| Low | ≤ 97.9 | 228 | 20,557 | 1.00 (Reference) | 246 | 20,623 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| High | > 97.9 | 223 | 20,644 | 0.91 (0.73–1.12) | 225 | 20,527 | 0.91 (0.74–1.12)a |
| Drinking water | |||||||
| Low | ≤ 3.4 | 214 | 20,198 | 1.00 (Reference) | 213 | 20,143 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| High | > 3.4 | 230 | 20,237 | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | 246 | 20,227 | 1.14 (0.92–1.41)a |
| Total nitrate | |||||||
| Low | ≤ 102.4 | 220 | 20,157 | 1.00 (Reference) | 234 | 20,187 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| High | > 102.4 | 224 | 20,278 | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 225 | 20,183 | 0.96 (0.78–1.19)b |
PY, person-years.
a
Adjusted for age (years), sex, current cigarette smoking, smoking amount (cigarettes/day), smoking duration (years), and nitrate exposure from food (for drinking water analyses only) or nitrate exposure from drinking water (for food analyses only).
b
Adjusted for age (years), sex, current cigarette smoking, smoking amount (cigarettes/day), and smoking duration (years).