Table 1.

Effects of VEGF administration or inhibition in animal models.

Intervention	Result	Reference
Provocation of intratracheal VEGF overexpression in mice	Dose-dependent increase in extravascular lung water intra-alveolar edema, and increased pulmonary capillary permeability.	[19]
Administration of a VEGFR inhibitor in mice	Decrease in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and migration of inflammatory cells through the endothelial basement membrane and reduction of VEGF-induced plasma leakage.	[42]
Intraperitoneal administration of a VEGF receptor blocker in rats	Induction of alveolar septal cell apoptosis and enlargement of air spaces (emphysema).	[46]
VEGF gene transfer in immature rabbits	Reduction of bleomycin-induced pulmonary hypertension.	[78]
Blockade of VEGF activity in malignant pleural effusion model in mice	Decrease of vascular permeability and reduction of pleural fluid.	[3, 113]

VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.