Table 3.

Breastfeeding characteristics of participants in a case control study of mastitis.

	Cases (N = 100) n (%)	Controls (N = 99) n (%)	Odds Ratio	95% CI		Significance*
Nipple pain	70/99 (71)	35/99 (35)	4.41	2.43	8.02	*p = 0.000
Grazed nipple	47/99 (48)	9/99 (9)	9.04	4.10	19.93	*p = 0.000
Cracked nipple	44/99 (44)	5/99 (5)	15.04	5.63	40.19	*p = 0.000
White spot	16/98 (16)	7/99 (7)	2.56	1.01	6.54	*p = 0.049
Breast engorgement (needed to express)	51/100 (51)	19/99 (19)	1.76	1.19	2.61	*p = 0.005
Blocked duct	52/100 (52)	13/99 (13)	3.70	2.39	5.71	*p = 0.000
Missed feeds	53/99 (54)	36/99 (36)	1.76	1.05	2.93	*p = 0.032
More than 6 hours between feeds	45/100 (45)	38/99 (38)	1.31	0.75	2.31	p = 0.344
Hurrying feeds	38/100 (38)	48/99 (48)	0.92	0.55	1.54	p = 0.745
Feeding less than usual	11/98 (11)	4/99 (4)	0.95	0.70	1.31	p = 0.770
Pressure on breast: bra	37/99 (37)	20/99 (20)	2.36	1.25	4.46	*p = 0.008
Thickness of milk	8/98 (8)	1/99 (1)	0.95	0.62	1.47	p = 0.833
Too much milk	29/100 (29)	17/99 (17)	1.37	1.09	1.73	*p = 0.007
Baby prefers one breast	48/100 (48)	37/99 (37)	1.55	0.88	2.72	p = 0.1293
Amount of breastfeeding:
Fully	77/100 (77)	84/99 (85)
Breast and formula	13/100 (13)	15/99 (15)
Expressing only	10/100 (10)	0/99 (0)				*p = 0.005
Lanolin on nipples	64/100 (64)	35/99 (35)	3.25	1.82	5.81	*p = 0.000
Nipple shields	16/100 (16)	2/99 (2)	9.24	2.06	41.35	*p = 0.004
Breast pads	76/100 (76)	85/99 (86)	0.52	0.25	1.08	p = 0.080
Expressing	86/100 (86)	51/99 (51)	5.78	2.90	11.51	*p = 0.000
Always washed nipples	1/100 (1)	1/99 (1)	0.99	0.06	16.05	p = 0.994
Always washed hands	48/100 (48)	41/99 (41)	1.31	0.75	2.29	p = 0.351

(n = 100 women with mastitis and 99 breastfeeding controls). Melbourne, Australia, 2002–2004.

*chi-square test for all analyses.

**statistically significant.