Potential dependence of α-HlyA-induced decreases in membrane lifetime. (A) Membrane formed from DOPC. (B) Membrane formed from DOPE. (C) Membrane formed from DOPC with 1% (w/w) LPC. Panels A–C show mean values ± SE of 10–15 experiments per point. Solid circles, control experiments; open circles, membranes in the presence of 2.5 nM α-HlyA membrane bathing solution: 150 mM NaCl, HEPES, pH 7.4. (D) Lifetime decrease at 200 mV for membranes formed from DOPC/LPC 1%, DOPC, and DOPE.