Table 2.
Baseline population characteristics
| Characteristic | Control Group (n = 54) | Moderate Intensity Group (n = 55) | High Intensity Group (n = 55) |
| Age, yrs | 56.2 ± 10 | 55.7 ± 11 | 53.5 ± 11 |
| Female, n (%) | 23 (43) | 21 (38) | 28 (51) |
| African American, n (%) | 7 (13) | 16 (29) | 12 (22) |
| ≥ High School, n (%) | 47 (87) | 49 (89) | 50 (91) |
| Duration of diabetes, yrs | 5.5 (0.7–10) | 4.0 (0.5–10) | 4.0 (0.5–10) |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 32 (54) | 49 (45) | 50 (58) |
| Units of insulin per day | 39 (24–79) | 59 (32–100) | 61 (25–93) |
| Weight, lbs | 225 ± 48 | 215 ± 37 | 223 ± 51 |
| BMI | 34 ± 7 | 33 ± 6 | 35 ± 7 |
| Waist circumference, in | 43.5 ± 6.2 | 41.8 ± 4.8 | 43.3 ± 6.3 |
| HbA1c | 6.7 ± 0.7 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 6.8 ± 0.6 |
| Systolic BP | 126 ± 15 | 125 ± 17 | 127 ± 15 |
| Diastolic BP | 72 ± 9 | 72 ± 11 | 73 ± 12 |
| Total cholesterol | 177 ± 28 | 178 ± 35 | 174 ± 34 |
| HDL | 43 ± 13 | 44 ± 11 | 41 ± 11 |
| LDL | 97 ± 28 | 97 ± 30 | 98 ± 31 |
| Triglycerides | 185 (124–229) | 168 (124–246) | 161 (112–219) |
| CES-D | 9 (4–18) | 10 (4–17) | 7 (4–14) |
| DEE | 3007 ± 671 | 2963 ± 659 | 3097 ± 869 |
| PAL | 1.31 ± 0.08 | 1.32 ± 0.08 | 1.34 ± 0.09 |
| MVPA | 62 (35–91) | 61 (40–116) | 77 (41–126) |
Reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
n – number; BMI – body mass index (kg/m2); HbA1c – glycated hemoglobin (%); BP – blood pressure; HDL – high-density lipoprotein (mg/dL); LDL – low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL); DEE – daily energy expenditure (kcal); PAL – physical activity level = total energy expenditure/resting energy expenditure; MVPA – moderate to vigorous physical activity (intensity >3 × resting energy expenditure) (min/day)