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Breeding success of primary and secondary (with and without male assistance) female pied flycatchers. Columns depict the mean (±s.e.) difference in (a) number of fledglings, and (b) number of recruits as compared to simultaneous monogamous broods, i.e. broods with the same laying date. The p-values are given for each brood category as a comparison to the breeding performance of monogamous broods (see table 2).
