Table 3.

Femoral and tibial absolute precision results reported by knee fluoroscopy studies in the literature

Reference	Fluoroscopy method	Knee type	Models matched	In-plane Trans (mm)	Out-of-plane trans (mm)	All rots (deg)
Present study	Single-plane	Natural	Bones	0.42	5.6	1.3
Kanisawa et al. [19]	Single-plane	Natural	Bones	1.2	4.0	0.8
Komistek et al. [20]	Single-plane	Natural	Bones	0.45	· · ·	0.66
Banks and Hodge [11]	Single-plane	Artificial	Implants	0.21	3.9	1.3
Hoff et al. [13]a	Single-plane	Artificial	Implants	0.46	2.2	0.35
Mahfouz et al. [15]	Single-plane	Artificial	Implants	0.09	1.4	0.40
Tashman et al. [18]	Bi-plane	Natural	Markers	0.06	0.06	0.31
You et al. [16]a	Bi-plane	Natural	Bones	0.23	0.23	1.2
Kaptein et al. [23]	Bi-plane	Artificial	Markers	0.05	0.08	0.07
Kaptein et al. [23]	Bi-plane	Artificial	Implants	0.06	0.14	0.17

^aRMS errors rather than precision results reported