Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the sample (N=2,160).

Explanatory variables	N (%)
MMSE, Mean ± SD	26.2 ± 3.0
Age, Mean ± SD	71.9 ± 5.9
Gender
Female	1242 (57.5)
Male	918 (42.5)
Marital status (Married)	1,275 (59.0)
Education, Mean ± SD	5.3 ± 3.9
Body Mass Index (Kg/m2), Mean ± SD	28.0 ± 5.2
Handgrip strength (kg), Mean ± SD
Female	18.9 ± 6.2
Male	29.2 ± 9.3
Handgrip strength (Kg) quartiles
Female, n (%), mean ± SD)
I (< 14.00 Kg)	271 (21.8), 10.6 ± 2.2
II (14.01-18.20 Kg)	300 (24.2), 16.4 ± 1.1
III (18.21-22.50 Kg)	347 (27.9), 20.5 ± 1.2
IV (≥ 22.51 Kg)	324 (26.9), 26.8 ± 3.2
Male, n (%), mean ± SD)
I (< 22.01 Kg)	217 (23.6), 16.0 ± 4.3
II (22.01-30.00 Kg)	238 (25.9), 27.1 ± 2.3
III (30.01-35.00 Kg)	222 (24.2), 32.7 ± 1.5
IV (≥ 35.01 Kg)	241 (26.3), 40.1 ± 3.6
Stroke	103 (4.8)
Heart attack	216 (10.0)
Diabetes	492 (22.8)
Depression (CES-D ≥ 16), Mean ± SD	9.1 ± 9.0
Hypertension	911 (42.2)
Near vision impairment	199 (9.2)
Distant vision impairment	101 (4.7)

SD = Standard Deviation

MMSE=Mini Mental State Examination

CES-D= Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale