Table 2.
General linear mixed models estimates for MMSE score as a function of handgrip strength quartiles over 7-year period among older Mexican Americans (N=2,160).
| Explanatory variables | Model 1 ß (SE) | Model 2 ß (SE) | Model 3 ß (SE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 29.06 (0.83) * | 28.9 (0.83) * | 28.80 (0.82) * |
| Time | −0.72 (0.02) * | −0.58 (0.04) * | −0.53 (0.04) * |
| Age (Years) | −0.06 (0.01) * | −0.06 (0.01) * | −0.05 (0.01) * |
| Gender (Female) | 0.07 (0.12) | 0.07 (0.12) | 0.08 (0.12) |
| Marital status (Married) | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.12) |
| Education (Years) | 0.32 (0.01) * | 0.32 (0.01) * | 0.32 (0.01) * |
| Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) | 0.0001 (0.01) | 0.0002 (0.01) | −0.001 (0.01) |
| Handgrip strength (Kg) quartiles | |||
| I | −1.28 (0.16) * | −1.13 (0.16) * | −1.01 (0.16) * |
| II | −0.68 (0.15) * | −0.51 (0.16) † | −0.46 (0.16) † |
| III | −0.29 (0.15) | −0.22 (0.15) | −0.21 (0.15) |
| IV | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Handgrip strength (Kg) quartile I * time | −0.26 (0.07) † | −0.18 (0.06) † | |
| Handgrip strength (Kg) quartile II * time | −0.28 (0.06) * | −0.21 (0.06) † | |
| Handgrip strength (Kg) quartile III * time | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.09 (0.05) | |
| Handgrip strength (Kg) quartile IV * time | Reference | Reference | |
| Stroke | −0.33 (0.20) | ||
| Heart attack | 0.03 (0.16) | ||
| Diabetes | −0.002 (0.12) | ||
| Depression (CES-D ≥ 16) | −0.50 (0.12) * | ||
| Hypertension | 0.18 (0.10) | ||
| Near vision impairment | −0.37 (0.19) | ||
| Distant vision impairment | −1.02 (0.26) * |
*
p value < 0.0001
†
p value < 0.001
‡
p value < 0.01
MMSE=Mini Mental State Examination
CES-D= Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale