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(a) The ε stem–loop element is located in the 5′-UTR of the pgRNA of HBV. The viral reverse transcriptase (indicated by a P) recognizes and binds to the apical stem–loop of ε, thus triggering encapsidation and initiation of replication. (b) The apical stem–loop sequence used for NMR structure determination. The numbering scheme employed is indicated.
