TABLE 2.
Microbial ligands of the TLRs
| Receptor | Origin | Microbial ligands |
|---|---|---|
| TLR2 | Gram-positive bacteria | Peptidoglycan (478, 611) and LTA (478) |
| Gram-negative bacteria | LPS proteins (216, 301), LPS from Leptospira interrogans (587) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (22) | |
| Mycobacteria | Lipoarabinomannan (356), cell wall (538) and lipoproteins/lipopeptides (53) | |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Lipoproteins/lipopeptides (215, 320) | |
| Treponema spp. | Glycolipids (405, 471) and lipoproteins/lipopeptides (320) | |
| Mycoplasma spp. | Lipoproteins (320) and lipopeptides (515) | |
| S. aureus | Phenol-soluble modulin from S. aureus (184) | |
| S. pneumoniae | Cell wall (611) | |
| Group B streptococci | Soluble factor (GBS-F) (211) | |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Porins (344) | |
| Yeast (zymosan) | Complete cells (537) | |
| Human protein | Heat shock protein 70 (14, 541) | |
| TLR3 | Virus | dsRNA (6) |
| TLR4 | Gram-negative bacteria | LPS (221, 428, 441) |
| Gram-positive bacteria | LTA (514) | |
| Mycobacteria | Heat-sensitive compound (357) | |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | Heat shock protein 60 (55) | |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | F protein (282) | |
| Treponema brennaborense | Glycolipids (471) | |
| Human protein | Heat shock protein 60 (396) | |
| Human protein | Heat shock protein 70 (14, 541) | |
| TLR5 | Bacteria with flagella | Flagellin (199) |
| TLR9 | Bacteria | CpG DNA (210) |