TABLE 5.

Inhibitory effects of lipoproteins on LPS and LTA toxicity

LPS and LTA property	Effect of:							Reference(s)
	HDL	rHDL	LDL	VLDL or chylomicrons	Emul- sion	Total lipo- protein	ApoE
In vivo
Inhibition of cytokine release		↓		↓		↓	↓	60, 72, 120, 195, 225, 226, 437, 555a
Decreased pyrogenicity	↓					↓		534, 535
Decreased mortality after LPS challenge	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	120, 194, 195, 310, 445, 555
Decreased mortality and TNF release after CLPb				↓				446
Increased excretion of 125I-LPS into bile				↓				447
Decreased Kupffer cell binding							↓	449
In vitro
Inhibition of macrophage or monocyte activation (cytokine release)	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓		30, 60, 61, 135, 136, 177, 196, 306, 415, 545, 554, 579
Inhibition of PMN priming	↓							568
Inhibition of VCAM-1 expression by HUVECc		↓						57
Inhibition of LAL activation	↓		↓	↓				103,112,193

^aE. S. van Amersfoort et al., unpublished results.

^bCLP, cecal ligation puncture; this experimental procedure results in polymicrobial peritonitis and sepsis.

^cHUVEC, human umbilical vein epithelial cells.