TABLE 1.

Published opinions on the correlation of human BDV infection and disease^a

Reference	Antibodies		RNA		Antigen		CICs, serum	Virus		BDV related to disease
	Serum	CSF	PBMCs	Brain	PBMCs, serum	CSF		Blood	Brain
Rott et al. (49)	+	+	−							Mainly supportiveb (mild encephalitis)
Stitz, Planz			+					?		Indeterminate
Staeheli et al.	?		−	+c						Mainly against
Bode, Ludwig, et al.	+	+	+		+	+	+	+		Clearly supportive (mood disorders)
de la Torre et al.	+		+	+				+d	+d	Indeterminate
Lipkin et al.	+			+						Indeterminate
Carbone et al.	+									Mainly against
Ikuta et al. (32)	+		+	+					+d	Indeterminate
Yamaguchi et al. (58)	+		+							Mainly against
Chen et al. (13)	+		+							Indeterminate

^aOnly major groups are considered; they found BDV parameters positive (+) or negative (−) or did not use them (blank). Serum antibodies and RNA in PBMCs were also found by Fu et al. (23) and Vahlenkamp et al. (57, 57a).

^bEspecially presented by Bechter (2).

^cReproduced data obtained by Czygan et al. (13a) originally published by de la Torre et al. (15).

^dSequencing of viral RNA originating from PBMC-derived (6, 14) and brain-derived (44) human isolates.