Fig. 4.

Lithium suppression of ASPD toxicity. (A Upper) After 210-nM ASPD treatment, TPKI/GSK-3β activity was assayed at the indicated time (n = 6). (Lower) Lithium (2 mM) was added to ASPD-treated culture at the indicated time, and the toxicity was assayed (n = 6). (B) Dose-dependent inhibition of ASPD toxicity by lithium. Effect of lithium on 210-nM ASPD toxicity was examined (n = 6). (C) Lithium protection against ASPD-induced apoptosis. After the treatment, as indicated, propidium iodide and Hoechst 33258 staining was performed (n = 9). Data represent the mean ± SE. Significant difference compared with control (*) or with ASPD-treated culture (**).