Abstract
Serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia were measured in giardiasis patients, in groups at high risk for intestinal parasite infection, and in controls by an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique. Symptomatic patients had the highest antibody titers, and antibodies remained present for up to 18 months in persons with chronic infection. Indochinese refugees and male homosexuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS had higher mean antibody levels than did healthy controls, whereas sewer and highway maintenance workers had levels similar to those of controls. Serum antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica measured by an indirect hemagglutination antibody technique were detected in only a few Indochinese refugees. We conclude that serology is a promising tool in G. lamblia epidemiology and that further population studies would be of interest.
Full text
PDF



Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Ament M. E., Rubin C. E. Relation of giardiasis to abnormal intestinal structure and function in gastrointestinal immunodeficiency syndromes. Gastroenterology. 1972 Feb;62(2):216–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barbour A. G., Nichols C. R., Fukushima T. An outbreak of giardiasis in a group of campers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1976 May;25(3):384–389. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.384. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Catanzaro A., Moser R. J. Health status of refugees from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. JAMA. 1982 Mar 5;247(9):1303–1308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clark C. S., Linnemann C. C., Jr, Clark J. G., Gartside P. S. Enteric parasites in workers occupationally exposed to sewage. J Occup Med. 1984 Apr;26(4):273–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Craft J. C., Nelson J. D. Diagnosis of giardiasis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of feces. J Infect Dis. 1982 Apr;145(4):499–504. doi: 10.1093/infdis/145.4.499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fleck S. L., Hames S. E., Warhurst D. C. Detection of Giardia in human jejunum by the immunoperoxidase method. Specific and non-specific results. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985;79(1):110–113. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(85)90249-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilman R. H., Brown K. H., Visvesvara G. S., Mondal G., Greenberg B., Sack R. B., Brandt F., Khan M. U. Epidemiology and serology of Giardia lamblia in a developing country: Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985;79(4):469–473. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(85)90068-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Healy G. R. Use of and limitations to the indirect hemagglutination test in the diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis. Health Lab Sci. 1968 Jul;5(3):174–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoffman S. L., Barrett-Connor E., Norcross W., Nguyen D. Intestinal parasites in Indochinese immigrants. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1981 Mar;30(2):340–343. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.340. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Keystone J. S., Keystone D. L., Proctor E. M. Intestinal parasitic infections in homosexual men: prevalence, symptoms and factors in transmission. Can Med Assoc J. 1980 Sep 20;123(6):512–514. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Markell E. K., Havens R. F., Kuritsubo R. A., Wingerd J. Intestinal protozoa in homosexual men of the San Francisco Bay area: prevalence and correlates of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984 Mar;33(2):239–245. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miotti P. G., Gilman R. H., Pickering L. K., Ruiz-Palacios G., Park H. S., Yolken R. H. Prevalence of serum and milk antibodies to Giardia lamblia in different populations of lactating women. J Infect Dis. 1985 Nov;152(5):1025–1031. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.5.1025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moody A. H., Ridley D. S., Tomkins A. M., Wright S. G. The specificity of serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia and to enterobacteria in gastrointestinal disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982;76(5):630–632. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(82)90227-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Phillips S. C., Mildvan D., William D. C., Gelb A. M., White M. C. Sexual transmission of enteric protozoa and helminths in a venereal-disease-clinic population. N Engl J Med. 1981 Sep 10;305(11):603–606. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198109103051102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pickering L. K., Woodward W. E., DuPont H. L., Sullivan P. Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children in day care centers. J Pediatr. 1984 Apr;104(4):522–526. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(84)80540-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Quinn T. C., Stamm W. E., Goodell S. E., Mkrtichian E., Benedetti J., Corey L., Schuffler M. D., Holmes K. K. The polymicrobial origin of intestinal infections in homosexual men. N Engl J Med. 1983 Sep 8;309(10):576–582. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198309083091002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ridley M. J., Ridley D. S. Serum antibodies and jejunal histology in giardiasis associated with malabsorption. J Clin Pathol. 1976 Jan;29(1):30–34. doi: 10.1136/jcp.29.1.30. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith P. D., Gillin F. D., Brown W. R., Nash T. E. IgG antibody to Giardia lamblia detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gastroenterology. 1981 Jun;80(6):1476–1480. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thacker S. B., Simpson S., Gordon T. J., Wolfe M., Kimball A. M. Parasitic disease control in a residential facility for the mentally retarded. Am J Public Health. 1979 Dec;69(12):1279–1281. doi: 10.2105/ajph.69.12.1279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ungar B. L., Yolken R. H., Nash T. E., Quinn T. C. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in fecal specimens. J Infect Dis. 1984 Jan;149(1):90–97. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.1.90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Visvesvara G. S. Axenic growth of Giardia lamblia in Diamond's TPS-1 medium. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1980;74(2):213–215. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90249-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Visvesvara G. S., Smith P. D., Healy G. R., Brown W. R. An immunofluorescence test to detect serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Dec;93(6):802–805. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-93-6-802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walzer P. D., Wolfe M. S., Schultz M. G. Giardiasis in travelers. J Infect Dis. 1971 Aug;124(2):235–237. doi: 10.1093/infdis/124.2.235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wittner M., Maayan S., Farrer W., Tanowitz H. B. Diagnosis of giardiasis by two methods. Immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1983 Oct;107(10):524–527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wolfe M. S. Giardiasis. N Engl J Med. 1978 Feb 9;298(6):319–321. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197802092980606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoeli M., Most H., Hammond J., Scheinesson G. P. Parasitic infections in a closed community. Results of a 10-year survey in Willowbrook State School. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972;66(5):764–776. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(72)90091-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
