Table 1. Time-based phylogenetic classification of extant superfamily Cercopithecoidea.

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea (25 Ma)

Family Cercopithecidae (OWM clade)

Family Hominidae (Ape clade)

Subfamily Homininae (18 Ma)

Tribe Hylobatini

Subtribe Hylobatina (8 Ma)

Symphalangus: siamang

Hylobates: gibbon

Tribe Hominini (14 Ma)

Subtribe Pongina

Pongo: orangutans

Subtribe Hominina (7 Ma)

Gorilla: gorilla

Homo (6 Ma)

Homo (Pan) (3 Ma)

Homo (Pan) troglodytes: common chimpanzee

Homo (Pan) paniscus: bonobo chimpanzee

Homo (Homo)

†Homo (Homo) ramidus (Ardipithecus ramidus, 4.5 Ma)

†Homo (Homo) afarensis (Australopithecus afarensis, 4.2 Ma)

†Homo (Homo) robustus (Paranthropus robustus, 1.9 Ma)

†Homo (Homo) erectus (H. erectus, 1.8 Ma)

†Homo (Homo) neanderthalensis (H. neanderthalensis, 0.3 Ma)

Homo (Homo) sapiens (H. sapiens, 0.15 Ma)

Ranks of the taxa follow the scheme in refs. 9 and 10. All extant hominid genera are included. However, because the gibbon-siamang clade is poorly represented by DNA coding sequence data, this clade is not sampled in our present study. Representative fossil Homo species, their traditional generic names, and times of origin are listed as they appear in ref. 11. Dates other than those listed for fossils refer to the approximate time of origin of the taxon as treated as a crown group (the mrca and its descendants). The name Cercopithecoidea for the superfamily that includes OWM and apes has taxonomic priority over the name Hominoidea (12)

^†, Extinct species