In vitro perforated patch clamp recordings. Changes in driving forces (EGABA -Vr; Vr = resting potential) of GABAA receptor mediated currents in SNR GABAergic neurons in slices from PN13-16 intact males, females, castrated males at PN0, females with TP, DES, or DHT administered at PN0-2 and males castrated at PN3. A. GABAA receptor mediated PSCs in a GABAergic neuron from the SNR of a male castrated at PN0. Raw traces of current are shown in voltage clamp mode, holding at a series of voltages (-85 to -60mV at intervals of 5mV). In this neuron, EGABA = -68mV. B. In intact males, the driving force is depolarizing (positive); in females or neonatally castrated males it is hyperpolarizing (negative; mean + SEM). C. In female rats treated with exogenous testosterone or its metabolites during PN0-2, the driving force is hyperpolarizing. In PN3 castrated male rats, which were exposed to natural testosterone (and its metabolites) for three days, the driving force is also hyperpolarizing.