Table 1.
Strains used in this study
| Taxon* | Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection strain no. | Host/substrate | Geographic origin | Trichothecene toxins and estrogens†
|
Pathogenicity‡ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DON | 3-A DON | 15-A DON | NIV | 4-A NIV | ZONE | ZOL | |||||
| F. graminearum (1) | 2903 | Polypore | Brazil | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| F. graminearum (1) | 28585 | Herbaceous vine | Venezuela | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | ++ |
| F. graminearum (1) | 28718 | Corn | Brazil | +++ | +++ | − | − | − | ++ | − | +++ |
| F. graminearum (2) | 28436 | Orange twig | New Caledonia | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (2) | 28723 | Corn | Nepal | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + |
| F. graminearum (2) | 29010 | Soil | South Africa | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | ++ |
| F. graminearum (3) | 29020 | Corn | South Africa | +++ | − | − | − | − | +++ | + | ++ |
| F. graminearum (3) | 26916 | Corn | South Africa | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| F. graminearum (3) | 29011 | — | South Africa | ++ | − | − | − | − | + | + | ++ |
| F. graminearum (3) | 29105 | Corn | Nepal | ++ | − | − | − | − | +++ | + | ++ |
| F. graminearum (4) | 25797 | Banana | Honduras | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (4) | 29148 | Grape ivy | Pennsylvania, USA | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| F. graminearum (5) | 26752 | Acacia mearnsii | South Africa | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + |
| F. graminearum (5) | 26754 | A. mearnsii | South Africa | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
| F. graminearum (5) | 26755 | A. mearnsii | South Africa | + | − | + | +++ | +++ | − | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (6) | 6101 | Barley | Japan | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| F. graminearum (6) | 13818 | Barley | Japan | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (6) | 26156 | Wheat | China | ++ | ++ | − | − | − | − | − | +++ |
| F. graminearum (6) | 28720 | Corn | Nepal | + | − | − | − | − | ++ | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (6) | 28721§ | Corn | Nepal | − | − | − | ++ | + | ++ | − | + |
| F. graminearum (7) | 5883 | Corn | Ohio, USA | ++ | − | + | − | − | +++ | + | +++ |
| F. graminearum (7) | 6394 | Millet | Hungary | + | ++ | − | − | − | + | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (7) | 13383 | Corn | Iran | − | − | − | − | − | +++ | + | ++ |
| F. graminearum (7) | 28063 | Corn | Michigan, USA | +++ | − | − | − | − | − | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (7) | 28336 | Wheat | Ohio, USA | ++ | +++ | − | − | − | +++ | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (7) | 28439 | Leatherleaf fern | Netherlands | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | ++ |
| F. graminearum (7) | 29169 | Wheat | Kansas, USA | − | − | − | − | − | +++ | + | +++ |
| F. culmorum | 3288 | — | — | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ● |
| F. culmorum | 25475 | Barley | Denmark | − | − | − | − | − | ++ | + | ● |
| F. cerealis | 13721 | Potato | Poland | − | − | − | + | + | +++ | + | ● |
| F. cerealis | 25491 | Iris hollandica | Netherlands | − | − | − | − | − | +++ | − | ● |
| F. cerealis | 25805 | Soil | Columbia | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | ● |
| F. lunulosporum | 13393 | Citrus paradisi | South Africa | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | ● |
| F. pseudograminearum | 28062 | Barley | Australia | − | − | − | − | − | ++ | − | ● |
| F. pseudograminearum | 28065 | Medicago sp. | South Africa | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | ● |
| F. pseudograminearum | 28334 | Medicago sp. | South Africa | − | − | − | − | − | +++ | + | ● |
| F. pseudograminearum | 28338 | Soil | Australia | + | ++ | − | − | − | +++ | − | ● |
Seven phylogenetically distinct, biogeographically structured lineages were identified among the 99 strains of the F. graminearum clade sequenced. The putative ancestral area of lineages 1–7 and number of strains of each lineage that were collected in its ancestral area/total number strains of each lineage sequenced follows in parentheses together with data on eight strains that were putatively distributed outside the native region of four lineages on the following agricultural or horticultural plants: (1) South America (4/4); (2) Africa (19/23; one strain from orange and guava twigs from New Caledonia and two from corn in Nepal); (3) Africa (9/10; one strain from Nepal from corn); (4) South Central America (1/2; one strain from Cissus rhombifolia, grape or oakleaf ivy, in Pennsylvania, USA; C. rhombifolia is native to Central America and northern South America); (5) Africa (3/3); (6) Asia (19/19); and (7) Pan-Northern Hemisphere (36/38); one strain from Argentina from whole wheat and one from Australia from Oplismenus sp.).
DON, deoxynivalenol; 3-ADON, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol; 15-ADON, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; NIV, nivalenol; 4-ANIV, 4-acetylnivalenol; ZONE, zearalenone; ZOL, zearalenol; −, <5 ppm; +, 5–50 ppm; ++, 51–150 ppm; +++, 151–3000 ppm. Complete numerical data can be viewed on the following web site: http://www.crl.umn.edu/personnel/Kistler.html.
Pathogenicity: −, no disease symptoms beyond the inoculated floret; +, disease symptoms present on florets adjacent to inoculation site; ++, disease symptoms on three to six florets; +++, disease symptoms on more than six florets; ●, not tested.
Strain 28721 is a hybrid strain containing alleles from lineages 2 and 6 of the F. graminearum clade.