Table 4.
Offspring insulin and/or glucose homeostasis in dietary models of developmental programming in the rat
| Strain | Protocol | Intervention period (day of gestation) | Age at measure (weeks) | Sex studied | Parameter measured and outcome | Abnormal result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHR | 50% of ad lib | 1–22 | 13–16 w | M + F | Plasma glucose ↑ | Yes M | Franco et al. (2002b) |
| Wistar | 50% of ad lib | 15–21 | 3 w | C | Islet insulin content ↓ | Yes | Garofano et al. (1997) |
| Wistar | 50% of ad lib | 11–22 | 3, 11 w | F | Plasma insulin↓ glucose↑ | Yes | Holemans et al. (1999) |
| Wistar | 70% of ad lib | 0–18 | 28 w | M + F | Plasma glucose↑ | Yes M | Ozaki et al. (2001) |
| Wistar | 30% of ad lib | 0–22 | 17 w | F | Plasma insulin ↑ | Yes | Vickers et al. (2001) |
| Wistar | IR | −7–21 | 12 w | M + F | GTT insulin sensitivity↑ | No M + F | Lewis et al. (2001) |
| Wistar | IR | −7–21 | 64 w | M + F | GTT insulin sensitivity ↔ | No M + F | Lewis et al. (2002) |
| SD | HF 8% protein | 0–43 | 10 w | C | GTT insulin sensitivity ↓ | Yes | Dahri et al. (1991) |
| Wistar | HF 8% protein | 0–43 | 6 w | C | GTT insulin sensitivity ↓ | Yes | Shepherd et al. (1997) |
| Wistar | HF 8% protein | 0–43 | 44 w | C | Glucokinase expression↓ | Yes | Shepherd et al. (1997) |
| Wistar | SH 6% protein | −14–22 | 9 w | F | GTT insulin sensitivity ↓ | Yes | Langley et al. (1994) |
| Wistar | HF 8% protein | 0–43 | 68 w | M | GTT insulin sensitivity ↓ | Yes | Petry et al. (2001) |
| SD | 40% saturated fat | −7–22 | 3 w | C | Plasma glucose: insulin ↑ | Yes | Guo & Jen (1995) |
| SD | 24% saturated fat | −10–22 | 25 w | M + F | Plasma glucose ↑ | Yes F | Khan et al. (2003) |
| SD | 24% saturated fat | −10–43 | 25 w | F | Euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp, ISI ↓ | Yes | Taylor et al. (2004) |
| SD | 18% saturated fat | −14–43 | 12 w | M | GTT insulin sensitivity ↓, Islet cells ↓ | Yes | Siemelink et al. (2002) |
Timing of protocol is relative to day of gestation (birth is at 21–22 days in a rat); −10 indicates 10 days prior to mating and 43 days is equivalent to offspring post natal day 21 (weaning). Abbreviations: SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat; SD, Sprague-Dawley rat; IR, iron restricted diet (iron content 3 mg (kg diet)−1); GTT, glucose tolerance test; HF, Hope Farm low protein diet; SH, Southampton low protein diet; w, postnatal week; ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; ↔, no change; M, male only; F, female only; C, combined male and female; M + F, both male and female considered individually.