Table 6.

Other facets of metabolic syndrome in offspring from dietary models of developmental programming in the rat

Strain	Protocol	Intervention period (day of gestation)	Age at measure	Sex studied	Parameter measured	Abnormal result	Reference
Plasma lipids
Wistar	50% of ad lib	11–22	13–16 w	F	Plasma triglyceride↔, cholesterol↔	No	Holemans et al. (1999)
Wistar	70% of ad lib	0–18	14 w	F	Plasma triglyceride↔	No	Ozaki et al. (2001)
Wistar	HF8%	0–22	26 w	M + F	Plasma HDL↓	Yes M	Lucas et al. (1996)
Wistar	IR	−7–22	112 w	M + F	Plasma triglyceride↓	No M + F	Lewis et al. (2002)
Wistar	40% saturated fat	−7–22	3 w	C	Plasma triglyceride↑	Yes C	Guo & Jen (1995)
SD	24% saturated fat	−10–43	52 w	M + F	Plasma HDL↓	Yes M + F	Khan et al. (2003)
Wistar	24% saturated fat	−10–43	2 w	F	Plasma HDL↓	Yes	Koukkou et al. (1998)
Leptin
Wistar	30% of ad lib	0–22	17 w	F	Plasma leptin↑, leptin receptor ↑in pancreatic β cells	Yes	Vickers et al. (2001b)
Oxidative stress	50% of ad lib	1–22	16 w	M	In situ NADPH oxidase activity ↑	Yes	Franco et al. (2003)
Wistar	50% of ad lib	1–22	16 w	M	In situ NADPH oxidase activity ↑	Yes	Franco et al. (2003)
Adipose tissue
Wistar	HF8%	0–43	6 w	M	Fat pad mass↓, adipocyte↓	No	Shepherd et al. (1997)
Wistar	30% of ad lib	0–22	25 w	F	Fat pad mass↑	Yes	Vickers et al. (2001a)
SD	24% saturated fat	−10–43	52 w	M + F	Bodyweight, fat pad mass↑	Yes	Khan et al. (2004)
Wistar	40% saturated fat	−7–22	3 w	C	Bodyweight, fat mass, fat%↑	Yes C	Guo & Jen (1995)

Timing of protocol is relative to day of gestation (delivery is at 21–22 days in a rat); −10 indicates 10 days prior to mating and 43 days is equivalent to offspring post natal day 21 (weaning). Abbreviations: SD, Sprague-Dawley rat; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; IR, iron restricted diet (iron content 3 mg (kg diet)⁻¹); HF, Hope Farm low protein diet; w, postnatal week;

^↔no change;

^↑increased;

^↓decreased; M, male only; F, female only; C, combined male and female; M + F, both male and female considered individually.