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. 2006 Aug 3;114(11):1718–1724. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8992

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Associations of the HRV measures HF_norm (A,B), LF_norm (C,D) and log LF/HF (E,F) with tibia lead (A,C,E) and patella lead (B,D,F) adjusted for age, BMI, fasting glucose, HDL, triglyceride, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, use of β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and/or ACE inhibitors, room temperature, and season. The solid line indicates the nonparametric trends estimated from the penalized spline method, and the dotted lines indicate its 95% CIs. The optimal degree of smoothing determined by the generalized cross-validation criterion for all HRV measures was 1, which means the associations were nearly linear.