Table 2.

Risk of reduced birth outcomes due to prenatal airborne PAH exposure.

	(ln) Birth weight			(ln) Birth length			(ln) Birth head circum
	β	SE	p-Value	β	SE	p-Value	β	SE	p-Value
Krakow Caucasian (n = 340)	Adjusted R2 = 0.486			Adjusted R2 = 0.369			Adjusted R2 = 0.288
(Constant)	−1.131	0.563	0.046	1.148	0.224	0.000	1.707	0.193	0.000
(ln) ∑8 c-PAHs	−0.020	0.007	0.007	−0.009	0.003	0.003	−0.006	0.002	0.010
Maternal height	0.003	0.001	0.019	0.001	0.000	0.014	0.001	0.000	0.017
Prepregnancy weight	0.003	0.001	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.003	0.001	0.000	0.001
Female sex	−0.059	0.012	0.000	−0.021	0.005	0.000	−0.022	0.004	0.000
(ln) Gestational age	2.365	0.146	0.000	0.721	0.058	0.000	0.445	0.050	0.000
Parity	0.035	0.013	0.008	0.005	0.005	0.307	0.015	0.004	0.001
Fall delivery	−0.040	0.020	0.046	−0.019	0.008	0.018	−0.008	0.007	0.222
Winter delivery	0.007	0.017	0.696	−0.004	0.007	0.597	0.001	0.006	0.909
Spring delivery	0.026	0.019	0.184	0.003	0.008	0.662	0.009	0.006	0.173
Delivery by cesarean sectiona		NA			NA		0.012	0.005	0.031
NYC African American (n = 168)	Adjusted R2 = 0.185			Adjusted R2 = 0.197			Adjusted R2 = 0.232
(Constant)	2.665	1.194	0.027	1.584	0.369	0.000	1.352	0.369	0.000
(ln) ∑8 c-PAHs	−0.055	0.019	0.004	−0.011	0.007	0.112	−0.010	0.007	0.125
Maternal height	0.000	0.001	0.961	0.000	0.000	0.795	0.000	0.000	0.571
Prepregnancy weight	0.001	0.001	0.105	0.000	0.000	0.634	0.000	0.000	0.060
Female sex	−0.042	0.024	0.086	−0.011	0.009	0.196	−0.028	0.009	0.002
(ln) Gestational age	1.474	0.322	0.000	0.632	0.100	0.000	0.578	0.100	0.000
Parity	0.025	0.031	0.408	0.016	0.011	0.159	0.005	0.011	0.634
Fall delivery	−0.008	0.032	0.792	0.002	0.011	0.860	−0.014	0.011	0.221
Winter delivery	−0.003	0.035	0.939	0.002	0.013	0.849	−0.004	0.013	0.737
Spring delivery	−0.034	0.033	0.313	−0.005	0.012	0.665	−0.008	0.012	0.536
Delivery by cesarean sectiona		NA			NA		0.029	0.019	0.118
NYC Dominican (n = 212)	Adjusted R2 = 0.282			Adjusted R2 = 0.061			Adjusted R2 = 0.255
(Constant)	0.610	0.913	0.505	1.548	0.652	0.018	1.599	0.282	0.000
(ln) ∑8 c-PAHs	0.018	0.011	0.094	0.003	0.008	0.712	0.004	0.003	0.168
Maternal height	0.000	0.001	0.757	0.000	0.001	0.573	0.000	0.000	0.490
Prepregnancy weight	0.001	0.001	0.022	0.000	0.000	0.985	−0.000	0.000	0.990
Female sex	−0.023	0.016	0.147	−0.002	0.011	0.853	−0.018	0.005	0.000
(ln) Gestational age	2.013	0.245	0.000	0.629	0.176	0.000	0.518	0.076	0.000
Parity	0.004	0.017	0.795	−0.005	0.012	0.659	−0.005	0.005	0.330
Fall delivery	−0.044	0.023	0.054	0.000	0.016	0.980	−0.005	0.007	0.495
Winter delivery	−0.019	0.024	0.435	0.014	0.017	0.424	0.014	0.007	0.062
Spring delivery	−0.051	0.023	0.029	−0.026	0.017	0.123	−0.005	0.007	0.511
Delivery by cesarean sectiona		NA			NA		0.023	0.008	0.003

Abbreviations: circum, circumference; NA, not applicable.

^aCesarean section delivery method is not a risk factor for birth weight or birth length.