Table 1.
Effects of ATRA and 9-cis-RA on human type 1 and type 2 cytokine expression by human PBMC post TCR stimulationa.
| Cytokine | Controla | ATRAa | 9-cis-RAa | Significancec |
| IL-4 (pg/ml) | 36 ± 15 | 79 ± 9 | 73 ± 14 | Control vs ATRA, p = 0.0003 Control vs 9-cis-RA, p = 0.010 ATRA vs 9-cis-RA, NS |
| IL-5 (pg/ml) | 174 ± 39 | 579 ± 193 | 596 ± 179 | Control vs ATRA, p = 0.034 Control vs 9-cis-RA, p = 0.019 ATRA vs 9-cis-RA, NS |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 182 ± 13 | 172 ± 31 | 148 ± 31 | Control vs ATRA, NS Control vs 9-cis-RA, NS ATRA vs 9-cis-RA, NS |
| IL-13 (ng/ml) | 1.10 ± 0.15 | 1.80 ± 0.26 | 1.90 ± 0.25 | Control vs ATRA, p = 0.0003 Control vs 9-cis-RA, p = 0.010 ATRA vs 9-cis-RA, NS |
| IFN-γ (ng/ml) | 14.5 ± 3.4 | 7.4 ± 1.9 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | Control vs ATRA, p = 0.0077 Control vs 9-cis-RA, p = 0.0065 ATRA vs 9-cis-RA, NS |
| IL-12 (pg/ml) | 243 ± 35 | 61 ± 12 | 50 ± 10 | Control vs ATRA, p = 0.0002 Control vs 9-cis-RA, p = 0.0003 ATRA vs 9-cis-RA, NS |
| IL-15 (pg/ml) | 100 ± 6 | 111 ± 10 | 113 ± 7 | Control vs ATRA, NS Control vs 9-cis-RA, NS ATRA vs 9-cis-RA, NS |
| TNF-α (ng/ml) | 6.38 ± 1.04 | 2.86 ± 0.31 | 2.13 ± 0.36 | Control vs ATRA, p = 0.0030 Control vs 9-cis-RA, p = 0.0006 ATRA vs 9-cis-RA, p = 0.049 |
a Supernatants of anti-CD3 mAb(200 ng/ml)-activated human PBMC (2.5 × 106/ml) treated with ETOH, ATRA (10-7 M), or 9-cis-RA (10-7 M) for 48 h were examined for the expression of various cytokines by ELISA analysis.
b The results are expressed either as ng/ml or pg/ml ± SD (as designated in the cytokine column above). The data and statistical calculations were performed with data derived from at least 5 different donors.
c The data was analyzed for equality of variance using Fischer's F test. If the variance was heterogeneous, the appropriate transformation of the data was performed. A two-tailed paired T test was then used to determine statistical significance. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analysis.