Table 2.
Relative risk of incidence and mortalitya related to solar UV-B exposure, northern versus southern United States boundaryb, non-Hispanic whites (95% CI in parentheses): Cancer sites with strongest evidence of an inverse association with solar UV-B exposure.
| Incidence | Mortality | |||
| Cancer site | Males | Females | Males | Females |
| Esophagus (males) | 1.27 (1.21–1.34) | 1.36 (1.31–1.41) | ||
| Stomach | 1.42 (1.35–1.49) | 1.27 (1.19–1.36) | 1.31 (1.26–1.36) | 1.26 (1.21–1.32) |
| Colon | 1.11 (1.08–1.13) | 1.14 (1.11–1.16) | 1.27 (1.24–1.30) | 1.24 (1.22–1.27) |
| Rectum | 1.27 (1.23–1.32) | 1.14 (1.09–1.18) | 1.53 (1.45–1.60) | 1.37 (1.30–1.44) |
| Gallbladder (females) | 1.86 (1.66–2.09) | 1.98 (1.82–2.16) | ||
| Other biliary | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.56 (1.40–1.75) | 1.58 (1.43–1.76) |
| Uterus | 1.49 (1.45–1.53) | 1.52 (1.46–1.58) | ||
| Vulva | 1.18 (1.09–1.29) | 1.93 (1.72–2.17) | ||
| Prostate | 1.20 (1.19–1.22) | 1.17 (1.15–1.19) | ||
| Bladder | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | 1.15 (1.11–1.20) | 1.24 (1.20–1.28) | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | 1.16 (1.04–1.29) | 1.19 (1.05–1.34) | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) |
| Myeloma | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) |
aAdjusted for the variables listed in Table 1 and excluding high-migration counties. Incidence includes states and counties shown in Figure 1 for the period 1998–2002 ; mortality includes entire United States except Alaska and Hawaii for the period 1993–2002.
b Relative risk of receiving annual average of 650 kJ/m2 of erythemally-weighted ultraviolet exposure (a value typical of northern Maine, Minnesota or Washington) versus annual average of 1540 kJ/m2 (a value typical of southern Florida, Texas, or Arizona).