Table 2.
Other candidate CVD markers
| fibrinogen d-dimer | (Ince et al. 1999) | |
| plasmin-alpha(2)-antiplasmin complex (PAP) | (Sakkinen et al. 1999) | |
| thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) | (Brodin et al. 2004) | |
| tissue factor pathway inhibitor-factor Xa (TFPI-Xa) complex | (Ohkura et al. 1999) | |
| tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-plasminogen activator | ||
| inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) complex (tPA/PAI-1 complex) | (Johansson et al. 2000) | |
| Protein modification | haemoglobin, glycated (HbA1c) | (Schillinger et al. 2003) |
| lipoprotein(a), glycated | (Zhang et al. 2000b) | |
| Antibodies to: | angiotensin II receptor (AT1) | (Fu et al. 2000) |
| beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GPI) | (Ebeling et al. 2003) | |
| cardiac actin | (Dangas et al. 2000) | |
| cardiac myosin | (Ebeling et al. 2003) | |
| cardiolipin (aCL) | (Dangas et al. 2000) | |
| chlamydial LPS | (Lowe, 2001) | |
| heat shock protein 65 | (Birnie et al. 1998) | |
| oxidized LDL | (Ogawa et al. 2001) | |
| phospholipid [lupus anticoagulant (LA)] | (Guerin et al. 1998) | |
| prothrombin | (Guerin et al. 1998) | |
| Smaller molecules | asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) | (Tarnow et al. 2004) |
| dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) | (Jansson et al. 1998) | |
| folate | (Riddell et al. 2000) | |
| homocysteine (HCY) | (Abbate et al. 2003) | |
| kallidin (a tissue kinin) | (Wagner et al. 2002) | |
| malonyldialdehyde (MDA) | (Belboul et al. 2001) | |
| marinobufagenin (MBG) | (Fridman et al. 2002) | |
| melatonin | (Grote, 2004) | |
| N-acetyl-aspartate | (Stevens et al. 1999) | |
| oxidized phosphatidylcholine (OxPC, formed in OxLDL) | (Itabe, 2002) | |
| uric acid | (Leyva et al. 1998) |
Twenty-eight candidate markers of other types relevant to cardiovascular disease and stroke. These occur in four categories: protein complexes (where the amount of protein in heteromultimer complexes provides separate information from the concentrations of individual components); protein modifications (where the amount of specifically modified protein is relevant); antibodies (where the corresponding antigen is specified); and smaller molecules (which are not proteins, but rather metabolites). The first three categories are ultimately accessible to modified proteomics approaches. A citation is provided for each, illustrative of the connection to cardiovascular disease or stroke.