Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 11 healthy volunteers before, immediately after, and following 2 h of resting recovery from 90 min of exercise at 55% maximal work rate (Wmax) in the heat (34°C). A, B, C and D, samples were labelled with specific TLR monoclonal antibodies or isotype controls, and examined by flow cytometry. All data represent means ± s.e.m.†Statistically significant difference (P < 0.005) from pre-exercise. GMFI, geometric mean fluorescence intensity.