Table I.
Summary of the lipid gene catalog
Bold font indicates cellular activities for which, to our knowledge, no Arabidopsis candidate genes were described or suggested in the literature so far.
| Cellular Function | Cellular Activity | No. of Genes | No. of ESTs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Synthesis of fatty acids in plastids | F1. Plastidial homomeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase; EC 6.4.1.2) | 1 | 0 |
| F2a. α-Carboxyltransferase of heteromeric ACCase | 1 | 19 | |
| F2b. β-Carboxyltransferase of heteromeric ACCase (plastid encoded) | 1 | 0 | |
| F2c. Biotin carboxyl carrier protein of heteromeric ACCase | 2 | 68 | |
| F2d. Biotin carboxylase of heteromeric ACCase | 1 | 21 | |
| F3. Malonyl-CoA: acyl-carrier protein (ACP) malonyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.39) | 1 | 3 | |
| F4a. Ketoacyl-ACP synthase I (KAS I; EC 2.3.1.41) | 1 | 39 | |
| F4b. KAS II (EC 2.3.1.41) | 1 | 2 | |
| F4c. KAS III (EC 2.3.1.41) | 1 | 6 | |
| F5. Plastidial ketoacyl-ACP reductase (EC 1.1.1.100) | 5 | 35 | |
| F6. Plastidial hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase (EC 4.2.1.*) | 2 | 7 | |
| F7. Plastidial enoyl-ACP reductase (EC 1.3.1.9) | 1 | 11 | |
| F8. Stearoyl-ACP desaturase (EC 1.14.19.2) | 7 | 43 | |
| F9. Plastidial ACP | 5 | 42 | |
| F10a. Acyl-ACP thioesterase FatA (EC 3.1.2.14) | 2 | 5 | |
| F10b. Acyl-ACP thioesterase FatB (EC 3.1.2.*) | 1 | 35 | |
| F11a. Plastidial pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α of pyruvate DH complex (EC 1.2.4.1) | 2 | 46 | |
| F11b. Plastidial pyruvate dehydrogenase E1β of pyruvate DH complex (EC 1.2.4.1) | 2 | 36 | |
| F11c. Plastidial dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase of PDH complex (EC 2.3.1.12) | 4 | 33 | |
| F11d. Plastidial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase of PDH complex (EC 1.8.1.4) | 2 | 20 | |
| F12. Plastidial lipoate synthase | 1 | 1 | |
| F13. Plastidial lipoyltransferase | 1 | 0 | |
| Synthesis of membrane lipids in plastids | P1. Plastidial dihydroxyacetone-phosphate reductase | 1 | 10 |
| P2. Plastidial glycerol-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT; EC 2.3.1.15) | 1 | 2 | |
| P3. Plastidial acylglycerol-phosphate acyltransferase (LPAAT; EC 2.3.1.51) | 1 | 7 | |
| P4. Plastidial CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase (EC 2.7.7.41) | 3 | 4 | |
| P5. Plastidial phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate synthase (EC 2.7.8.5) | 1 | 3 | |
| P6. Plastidial phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.27) | No candidate | ||
| P7. Phosphatidylglycerol desaturase (palmitate specific; FAD4; EC 1.14.99.*) | No candidate | ||
| P8. Plastidial oleate desaturase (FAD6; EC 1.14.99.*) | 1 | 9 | |
| P9. Plastidial linoleate desaturase (FAD7/FAD8; EC 1.14.99.*) | 2 | 18 | |
| P10. Plastidial phosphatidate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4) | 1 | 3 | |
| P11. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase (EC 2.4.1.46) | 3 | 5 | |
| P12. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol desaturase (palmitate-specific, FAD5; EC 1.14.99.*) | 1 | 6 | |
| P13. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase (EC 2.4.1.184) | 2 | 8 | |
| P14. UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase | 1 | 5 | |
| P15. Sulfolipid synthase | 1 | 4 | |
| P16. Plastidial 1-acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) | See E3 | ||
| Synthesis of membrane lipids in the endomembrane system | E1. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dihydroxyacetone-phosphate reductase | 4 | 13 |
| E2. ER GPAT (EC 2.3.1.15) | 2 | 2 | |
| E3. ER LPAAT (EC 2.3.1.51) | 11 | 5 | |
| E4. ER phosphatidate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4) | 2 | 2 | |
| E5. ER diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) | 1 | 11 | |
| E6. ER oleate desaturase (FAD2; EC 1.14.99.*) | 1 | 131 | |
| E7. ER linoleate desaturase (FAD3; EC 1.14.99.*) | 1 | 31 | |
| E8. ER CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase (EC 2.7.7.41) | 2 | 9 | |
| E9. ER phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.8.5) | 1 | 7 | |
| E10. ER phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.27) | No candidate | ||
| E11. Phosphatidylinositol synthase (EC 2.7.8.11) | 2 | 6 | |
| E12. Phosphatidylserine synthase (EC 2.7.8.8) | No candidate | ||
| E13a. Choline kinase (EC 2.7.1.32) | 4 | 13 | |
| E13b. Ethanolamine kinase (EC 2.7.1.82) | 1 | 0 | |
| E14a. CDP-choline synthase (EC 2.7.7.15) | 2 | 8 | |
| E14b. CDP-ethanolamine synthase (EC 2.7.7.14) | 1 | 4 | |
| E15. Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.65) | 3 | 10 | |
| E16. Phospholipid base exchange | 1 | 1 | |
| E17a. LCB1 subunit of Ser palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.50) | 1 | 3 | |
| E17b. LCB2 subunit of Ser palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.50) | 2 | 10 | |
| E18. Ketosphinganine reductase (EC 1.1.1.102) | 2 | 18 | |
| E19. AcylCoA: sphinganine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.24) | No candidate | ||
| E20. Acyl-CoA-independent ceramide synthase | No candidate | ||
| E21. Sphingolipid hydroxylase | 2 | 5 | |
| E22. Sphingolipid Δ8 desaturase (EC 1.14.99.*) | 2 | 36 | |
| E23. Ceramide glucosyltransferase | No candidate | ||
| E24. Sphingolipid fatty acid hydroxylase | 2 | 13 | |
| E25. ER 1-acylglycerophosphorylcholinecholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) | See E3 | ||
| E26. ER 2-acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.62) | See E3 | ||
| E27. ER 2-acylglycerol-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.52) | See E3 | ||
| E28. Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.103) | 3 | 25 | |
| E29. Sphingolipid Δ4 desaturase (EC 1.14.99.*) | 1 | 0 | |
| X1. Acyl-ceramide synthase | 2 | 6 | |
| Metabolism of acyl lipids in mito chondria | M1. Mitochondrial KAS (EC 2.3.1.41) | 1 | 0 |
| M2. Mitochondrial ketoacyl-ACP reductase (EC 1.1.1.100) | 1 | 0 | |
| M3. Mitochondrial hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase (EC 4.2.1.17) | No candidate | ||
| M4. Mitochondrial enoyl-ACP reductase (EC 1.3.1.9) | No candidate | ||
| M5. Mitochondrial lipoate synthase | 1 | 18 | |
| M6. Mitochondrial lipoyltransferase | 2 | 0 | |
| M7. Mitochondrial phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate synthase | 1 | 3 | |
| M8. Mitochondrial phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate phosphatase | No candidate | ||
| M9. Cardiolipin synthase (EC 2.7.8*) | No candidate | ||
| M10a. α-Ketoacid decarboxylase E1α of BC ketoacid DH complex (EC 1.2.4.4) | 2 | 11 | |
| M10b. α-Ketoacid decarboxylase E1β of BC ketoacid DH complex (EC 1.2.4.4) | 2 | 8 | |
| M10c. Dihydrolipoamide transacylase of branched chain ketoacid DH complex | 1 | 23 | |
| M10d. Mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase of BCKDH complex (EC 1.8.1.4) | 2 | 15 | |
| M11. Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.10) | 1 | 2 | |
| M12a. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.4), biotinylated subunit | 1 | 4 | |
| M12b. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.4), non-biotinylated subunit | 1 | 8 | |
| M13. Mitochondrial enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17) | 2 | 1 | |
| M14. Mitochondrial GPAT (EC 2.3.1.15) | 3 | 11 | |
| M15. Mitochondrial LPAAT (EC 2.3.1.51) | See P3 and M14 | ||
| M16. Mitochondrial phosphatidate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4) | 1 | 0 | |
| M17. Mitochondrial ACP | 3 | 12 | |
| M18. Malonyl-CoA synthase | No candidate | ||
| M19. Mitochondrial malonyl-CoA: ACP malonyltransferase | No candidate | ||
| M20. Malonyl-ACP Synthase | No candidate | ||
| M21. Mitochondrial CDP-diacylgycerol synthetase (EC 2.7.7.41) | See P4 | ||
| M22. Mitochondrial 1-acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) | See E3 and M14 | ||
| X2. Mitochondrial diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) | 1 | 4 | |
| Synthesis and storage of oil | O1. Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DAGAT; EC 2.3.1.20) | 2 | 7 |
| O2. Oil body oleosin | 8 | 132 | |
| O3. Caleosin | 7 | 42 | |
| O4. Phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT; EC 2.3.1.158) | 3 | 9 | |
| Degradation of storage lipids and straight fatty acids | D1. Triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) | 4 | 9 |
| D2. Monoacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.23) | 13 | 32 | |
| D3. Acyl-CoA oxidase (EC 1.3.3.6) | 6 | 61 | |
| D4. Peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17) | 2 | 6 | |
| D5. Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) | 1 | 10 | |
| D6. Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1.16) | 3 | 65 | |
| D7a. Peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase of multifunctional protein (EC 4.2.1.17) | 2 | 21 | |
| D7b. Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase of multifunctional protein (EC 1.1.135) | |||
| D7c. Enoyl-CoA isomerase of multifunctional protein (EC 5.1.2.3) | |||
| D7d. Hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase of multifunctional protein (EC 5.3.3.8) | |||
| D8. Dienoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.34) | 1 | 4 | |
| D9. Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.4) | 3 | 3 | |
| D10. Fatty acid alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.20) | 4 | 6 | |
| D11. Peroxisomal long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase | 2 | 7 | |
| D12. Peroxisomal fatty acid/acyl-CoA transporter | 1 | 8 | |
| X3. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.2-3) | 1 | 5 | |
| Lipid signaling | S1. Diacylglycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.107) | 9 | 33 |
| S2. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (EC 2.7.1.137) | 1 | 2 | |
| S3a. Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase-α (EC 2.7.1.67) | 2 | 6 | |
| S3b. Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase-β (EC 2.7.1.67) | 2 | 0 | |
| S3c. Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase-γ (EC 2.7.1.67) | 8 | 52 | |
| S4a. Phosphatidylinositol-phosphate kinase type IA (EC 2.7.1.68, 2.7.1.*) | 2 | 0 | |
| S4b. Phosphatidylinositol-phosphate kinase type IB (EC 2.7.1.68, 2.7.1.*) | 9 | 13 | |
| S4c. Phosphatidylinositol-phosphate kinase type III (EC 2.7.1.68, 2.7.1.*) | 4 | 38 | |
| S5. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) (EC 3.1.4.11) | 9 | 24 | |
| S6. Nonspecific phospholipase C | 6 | 11 | |
| S7. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C | 3 | 21 | |
| S8a. Phospholipase D-α (PLD-α; EC 3.1.4.4) | 4 | 35 | |
| S8b. PLD-β (EC 3.1.4.4) | 2 | 4 | |
| S8c. PLD-γ (EC 3.1.4.4) | 3 | 13 | |
| S8d. PLD-δ (EC 3.1.4.4) | 1 | 26 | |
| S8e. PLD-ζ (EC 3.1.4.4) | 2 | 10 | |
| S9. Phospholipase A1 (EC 3.1.1.32) | 1 | 2 | |
| S10. Secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2; EC 3.1.1.4) | 4 | 2 | |
| S11. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 | 2 | 0 | |
| S12. Lysophospholipase (LysoPLA; EC 3.1.1.5) | 9 | 28 | |
| S13. Galactolipase (EC 3.1.1.26) | See S14 and S26 | ||
| S14. DAD1-like acylhydrolase | 12 | 54 | |
| S15a. Cytosolic lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) | 2 | 24 | |
| S15b. Plastidial lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) | 4 | 177 | |
| S16. Allene oxide synthase (EC 4.2.1.92) | 1 | 8 | |
| S17. Allene oxide cyclase (EC 5.3.99.6) | 4 | 16 | |
| S18. Oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase (OPR; EC 1.3.1.42) | 5 | 41 | |
| S19. Hydroperoxide lyase | 1 | 5 | |
| S20. Fatty acid amide hydrolase | 3 | 18 | |
| S21. N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine synthase | No candidate | ||
| S22a. α-Dioxygenase-peroxidase (involved in fatty acid α-oxidation) | 2 | 30 | |
| S22b. NAD+ oxidoreductase (involved in fatty acid α-oxidation) | 1 | 28 | |
| S23a. PTEN-like phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase | 3 | 5 | |
| S23b. Myotubularin-like phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase | 2 | 3 | |
| S24a. Type II phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase | 4 | 11 | |
| S24b. Sac domain-containing phosphoinositide phosphatase | 9 | 26 | |
| S25. Phosphoinositide 4-phosphatase | No candidate | ||
| S26. Patatin-like acyl-hydrolase | 12 | 44 | |
| S27. Sulfolipase | See S26 | ||
| S28. Peroxygenase | No candidate | ||
| S29. Hydroperoxide reductase | No candidate | ||
| S30. Epoxy alcohol synthase | No candidate | ||
| X4. Phospholipase A2-activating protein | 1 | 7 | |
| Fatty acid elongation and wax and cutin metabolism | W1. Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) | 20 | 183 |
| W2. Ketoacyl-CoA reductase | 2 | 47 | |
| W3. Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase (EC 4.2.1.17) | No candidate | ||
| W4. Enoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.44) | 1 | 31 | |
| W5. Fatty acyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.*) | 8 | 8 | |
| W6. Wax synthase (EC 2.3.1.75) | 12 | 0 | |
| W7. Aldehyde decarbonylase CER1 (EC 4.1.99.5) | 5 | 36 | |
| W8. Putative transcription factor CER2 | 3 | 28 | |
| W9. CER3 protein | 1 | 7 | |
| W10. Wax ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.50) | No candidate | ||
| W11. Fatty acid ω-hydroxylase | 8 | 51 | |
| W12. Aldehyde-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase | No candidate | ||
| W13. Secondary alcohol-forming hydroxylase | No candidate | ||
| W14. Ketone-forming oxidase | No candidate | ||
| X5. ELO-like elongase | 4 | 10 | |
| Miscellaneous | Z1a. LTP1 | 14 | 362 |
| Z1b. LTP2 | 8 | 28 | |
| Z1c. LTP3 | 14 | 17 | |
| Z1d. LTP4 | 2 | 9 | |
| Z1e. LTP5 | 29 | 94 | |
| Z1f. LTP6 | 2 | 2 | |
| Z1g. LTP7 | 1 | 3 | |
| Z1h. LTP8 | 1 | 0 | |
| Z2. Acyl-CoA desaturase like (EC 1.14.99.*) | 8 | 48 | |
| Z3. ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) | 5 | 94 | |
| Z4. Pollen surface oleosin | 8 | 53 | |
| Z5. Acyl-CoA thioesterase (EC 3.1.2.2, EC 3.1.2.18-20) | 4 | 7 | |
| Z6. Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.9) | 1 | 3 | |
| Z7. Translocase | 12 | 28 | |
| Z8. Acyl-CoA-binding protein | 5 | 32 | |
| Z9. Sec14-like protein | 2 | 18 | |
| Z10. Plastid lipid-associated protein | 3 | 24 | |
| Z11a. Plastidial long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3) | 3 | 10 | |
| Z11b. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (other than plastidial or peroxisomal) | 6 | 53 | |
| Z12. Plastidial ABC acyl transporter | 1 | 1 | |
| Z13. Epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.3) | 6 | 46 | |
| Z14. Acetyl-CoA synthetase (AMP forming; EC 6.2.1.1) | 3 | 15 | |
| Z15. Holo-ACP synthase (EC 2.7.8.7) | 2 | 2 | |
| Z16. Cytosolic homomeric ACCase | 1 | 8 | |
| Z17. Sphingosine transfer protein | 2 | 9 | |
| Z18. Protein N-myristoyltransferase | 2 | 13 | |
| Z19. Lipid acylhydrolase like (EC 3.1.1.*) | 21 | 25 | |
| X6. Cyclopropane fatty acid synthase (EC 2.1.1.79) | 3 | 6 | |
| X7. PPT1-like thioesterase (EC 3.1.1.22, EC 3.1.2.*) | 7 | 44 | |
| X8. Glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.46) | 2 | 6 | |
| Total | 600 | 3,750 |