Increased AtNAP1;1 level in Arabidopsis leaves influences cell proliferation, cell size, and differentiation. A to D, Kinematic analysis of AtNAP1;1-OE and AtNAP1;1C369S-OE leaf development. Kinematic analysis was performed on the first leaf pair of wild-type (♦), AtNAP1;1-OE (▪), and AtNAP1;1C369S-OE (□) plants. Twenty individual leaves and 40 palisade mesophyll cells were analyzed in duplicate. A, Average leaf blade area; B, average cell area; C, average number of cells; and D, division rate. E, Quantification of ploidy distribution as mean ± sd of two independent measurements involving different sets of plants. F, Transverse sections through the central part of 9-d-old plastic-embedded first leaves stained with toluidine blue. Scale bars are 50 μm. G, Expression analyses of CYCB1 (top) and EXP5 (bottom) genes by qRT-PCR in AtNAP1;1-OE and AtNAP1;1C369S-OE 9-, 15-, and 25-d-old first leaves. Results of quantification using GAPDH as a reference are relative to wild-type expression level.