Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by SSA Status
| Means or % (SD) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No SSA (N=3,259) | SSA—0–3 months (N=385) | SSA—4–12 months (N=819) | SSA throughout (N=1,736) | F or χ2 | p-value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years)† | 37.0 (9.3) | 40.3 (10.5) ** | 39.4 (10.0) ** | 40.3 (9.0)** | 58.1 | <.0001 |
| Gender (male) | 60.6% | 64.2% | 62.9% | 61.1% | 2.6 | .4531 |
| Caucasian | 42.9% | 44.4% | 44.4% | 39.6% | 7.9 | .048 |
| African American† | 45.2% | 46.8% | 44.4% | 52.5%** | 25.4 | <.0001 |
| Hispanic | 6.4% | 3.9% | 5.0% | 2.8%* | 28 | <.0001 |
| Years of education | 11.7 (2.4) | 11.7 (2.9) | 11.5 (2.6) | 11.5 (2.6)* | 3.5 | .0159 |
| Never married | 50.1% | 52.9% | 52.2% | 52.8% | 4.5 | .2149 |
| Number of living children† | 1.1 (1.6) | 0.76 (1.3)* | 0.71 (1.3)** | 0.87 (1.6)** | 17.8 | <.00001 |
| Vocational | ||||||
| Years held longest fulltime job† | 3.7 (4.7) | 3.8 (5.7) | 3.5 (4.7) | 3.1 (4.5)** | 6.2 | .0003 |
| Age first homeless† | 30.3 (10.8) | 31.9 (12.8) | 32.1 (11.7)** | 30.7 (11.6) | 6.5 | .0002 |
| Years homeless† | 2.8 (4.6) | 3.5 (5.5) | 3.2 (5) | 3.6 (5.5)** | 9.2 | <.0001 |
| Total legal income ($) | 198.5 (331.6) | 188 (370.5) | 147.7 (235.8)** | 552.1 (283.3)** | 579.4 | <.0001 |
| Earned income ($)† | 79.3 (204) | 44.8 (318.8)* | 33.2 (125.6)** | 24.9 (201.9)** | 31.5 | <.0001 |
| Retirement income ($)† | 9.4 (96.2) | 53.2 (161.8)** | 17.2 (108) | 10.7 (91.3) | 22 | <.0001 |
| Other public support income ($)† | 70.2 (188.7) | 61.9 (126.7) | 67.3 (149.9) | 9.0 (46.4)** | 64.6 | <.0001 |
| Illegal income ($)† | 42.4 (396.8) | 6.8 (54.8) | 5.8 (32.6)* | 8.6 (92.2)* | 7.3 | <.0001 |
| Days incarcerated in last 60† | 2.1 (8.0) | 2.8 (9.7) | 2.0 (8.0)% | 1.3 (6.1)* | 5.9 | .0005 |
| Psychiatric | ||||||
| Schizophrenia Dx† | 22.7% | 52.7%** | 39.6% | 52.1%** | 473 | <.0001 |
| Bipolar Dx | 20.5% | 17.1% | 21.3% | 20.5% | 2.4 | .4835 |
| Other psychosis Dx† | 27.9% | 32.5%* | 37.4% | 34.3% | 40 | <.0001 |
| Major depression Dx † | 61.3% | 35.1%** | 47.0% | 33.1%** | 384.1 | <.0001 |
| Dually diagnosed | 55.7% | 44.2% | 41.4%** | 49.3% | 66.3 | <.0001 |
| Lifetime history of suicidal ideation† | 71.4% | 59.8% | 67.2% | 60.7%* | 68.2 | <.0001 |
| Lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations† | 2.7 (4.9) | 6.7 (13.1)** | 3.4 (7.3) | 8.4 (12.4)** | 181 | <.0001 |
| Substance use | ||||||
| Years of alcohol use to intoxication | 6.1 (8.4) | 4.8 (7.7) | 5.4 (8.8) | 5.4 (8.3) | 5.3 | .0011 |
| Years of cannabis use | 6.3 (8.3) | 4.8 (7.7)* | 5 (7.8)** | 5.8 (8.6) | 8.9 | <.0001 |
| Years of crack use | 2 (3.8) | 1.1 (2.8)** | 1.3 (3.1)** | 1.6 (3.4)* | 13.2 | <.0001 |
| Used alcohol to intoxication in last 30 day | 26.7% | 16.6% | 18.4% | 21.5% | 40.7 | <.0001 |
| Used crack in last 30 days | 15.5% | 7.3% | 8.6% | 11.9% | 41.6 | <.0001 |
| Drug dependence Dx† | 43% | 30.40% | 28.7%* | 36.60% | 74 | <.0001 |
| Baseline treatment | ||||||
| Taking medication for medical illness† | 29.7% | 37.3% | 35.7% | 35.8% | 26.7 | <.0001 |
| Psychiatric Rx in last 60 days | 59.4% | 76.3%* | 68.5% | 71.9% | 105.5 | <.0001 |
| Substance abuse Rx in last 60 days† | 36.1% | 29.4% | 24.4%* | 30.4% | 45.1 | <.0001 |
| Medical | ||||||
| HIV seropositive† | 2.1% | 5.0% | 2.6% | 5.1%* | 33.3 | <.0001 |
| Seizure Dx† | 6.7% | 8.6% | 8.8% | 11.3%* | 32.5 | <.0001 |
*
Indicates significant difference from No SSA group at p<.003 by pairwise comparison.
**
Indicates significant difference from No SSA group at p<.001 by pairwise comparison.
†
Indicates that variable was included as a covariate in GEE analyses.
SSA, Social Security Administration; GEE, generalized estimating equations.