Figure 9.

Cardiovascular influences of epinephrine. Patients received submucosal infiltration of 3 cartridges (5.4 mL) of 2% lidocaine and 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1 : 100,000. Changes in cardiovascular parameters were recorded as percent change. Heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) determine systolic blood pressure. Peripheral resistance (PR) determines diastolic blood pressure. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is calculated as (SBP + 2 × DBP)/3. Adapted from Dionne et al.¹⁷