Table 2.

Micronutrient deficiency and heme: effects on human cells in culture and animals

Micronutrient deficiency	Heme deficit	Complex IV deficit	Oxidative stress	DNA damage	Early senescence
Pyridoxine	75			A	A
Zinc		A	76–78	76–78
Riboflavin	75
Iron			79	79
Copper	80	81	82
Biotin	83	83	83	83	83
Pantothenate	75	84

Numbers represent references. A, H. Atamna, S. Askree, and B.N.A., unpublished data.