TABLE 4.

Impact of S. japonicum-associated cytokines on hematological and iron status measures and prevalence of anemia

Variable	β-Estimate (95% CI), P valuec
	Hemoglobina	Serum ferritina	Serum transferrin receptora	Iron-deficiency anemiab	Non-iron-deficiency anemiab
C-reactive protein	−0.152 (−0.214 to −0.089), <0.0001	0.243 (0.209 to 0.277), <0.0001	0.037 (0.017 to 0.057), <0.001	0.126 (0.024 to 0.227), 0.016	0.577 (0.414 to 0.740), <0.0001
IL-6 response	−0.035 (−0.181 to 0.110), 0.63	0.358 (0.268 to 0.449), <0.0001	−0.001 (−0.046 to 0.044), 0.98	−0.141 (−0.399 to 0.117), 0.285	0.484 (0.079 to 0.888), 0.019

^aβ-Estimates and P values were obtained from multilevel repeated-measure linear regression models; β represents the change in the mean of the outcome per (log) unit increase of the predictor. Estimates were adjusted for potential confounding influences of age, sex, socioeconomic status, baseline S. japonicum egg count, and concurrent hookworm infection and for within-person correlation and clustering within households.

^bβ-Estimates and P values were obtained from marginal logistic regression (GEE) models; β represents the change in log odds of the outcome per (log) unit increase of the predictor. Estimates were adjusted for potential confounding influences of age, sex, socioeconomic status, baseline S. japonicum egg count, and concurrent hookworm infection and for within-person association.

^cSF, sTfR, and C-reactive protein levels were ln transformed. An IL-6 response was defined as having a detectible concentration (>1.45 pg/ml) of serum IL-6. Iron-deficiency anemia was defined as an Hgb level below the WHO cutoff and an SF level of ≤30 ng/ml. Non-iron-deficiency anemia was defined as an Hgb level below the WHO cutoff and an SF level of >30 ng/ml.