Table 4.

Ordered Logistic Regression Coefficients, Health Status Prior to Age 65^*, by Estimation Method (Health and Retirement Survey Sample, N=3,564)

	Estimation Method
	Observational		Instrumental Variable
Independent Variable	β	(p-value)	β	(p-value)
Pct. time insured	1.35	(<.01)	2.67	(<.01)
Baseline health status category†
HS6 (very good health)	−0.95	(<.01)	−0.95	(<.01)
HS5	−1.76	(<.01)	−1.74	(<.01)
HS4	−2.31	(<.01)	−2.17	(<.01)
HS3	−2.24	(<.01)	−2.15	(<.01)
HS2 (poorest health)	−3.22	(<.01)	−3.07	(<.01)
Hypertension	−0.29	(<.01)	−0.30	(<.01)
Diabetes	−0.71	(<.01)	−0.64	(<.01)
Cancer	−0.41	(<.01)	−0.34	.01
Pulmonary disease	−0.25	.05	−0.23	.08
Heart disease	−0.30	(<.01)	−0.30	(<.01)
Stroke	−0.33	.12	−0.20	.39
Arthritis	−0.22	(<.01)	−0.23	(<.01)
Light or moderate drinker	−0.01	.91	−0.04	.62
Heavy drinker	0.01	.97	0.05	.73
Smoker	−0.53	(<.01)	−0.42	(<.01)
Married	0.16	.05	0.05	.60
Female	0.14	.05	0.11	.11
Race and ethnicity‡
African American	−0.15	.13	−0.06	.56
Other race	−0.10	.48	0.12	.50
Hispanic	−0.07	.77	0.06	.80
Education§
Some high school	−0.19	.18	−0.31	.04
High school graduate	−0.06	.66	−0.24	.13
Some college	0.16	.26	−0.08	.69
College graduate	0.11	.49	−0.15	.46
Postgraduate	0.52	(<.01)	0.24	.27
Age in 1992¶
55	0.12	.63	0.14	.58
56	0.07	.74	0.10	.65
57	0.20	.36	0.16	.45
58	0.14	.53	0.08	.71
59	0.46	.04	0.37	.09
60	0.45	.04	0.31	.17
Cut points
Cut 1	−3.71		−2.80
Cut 2	−2.99		−2.12
Cut 3	−2.29		−1.45
Cut 4	−1.28		−0.46
Cut 5	0.24		1.05
Cut 6	2.27		3.07

Notes:

^*Dependent variable is categorical measure for health status at exit with seven ordered categories, from death to excellent health with no IADL/ADL limitations.

^†Omitted reference category is excellent health with no ADL/IADL limitations.

^‡Omitted reference category is white, non-Hispanic.

^§Omitted reference category is less than 9 years of education.

^¶Omitted reference category is age 61.

ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.