Table 2.

First-Stage Regression of QI Implementation Scope on Controls and Instruments

	Hospital Unit Involvement in QI		Percentage of FTEs on QI Teams		Percentage of Managers on QI Teams		Percentage of Physicians on QI Teams
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Intercept	2.059	0.166***	0.162	0.049**	0.428	0.076***	0.269	0.058***
Market concentration	0.115	0.067M	0.031	0.020	0.023	0.031	0.071	0.024**
Number of hospital competitors	−0.004	0.004	0.001	0.001	−0.002	0.002	0.001	0.001
Hospital competition intensity	0.003	0.013	0.000	0.004	−0.001	0.006	−0.010	0.004*
Managed care penetration	−0.246	0.101*	−0.005	0.030	−0.018	0.047	−0.096	0.036**
Pct patients in managed care	0.047	0.058	0.001	0.017	0.004	0.027	−0.005	0.021
Teaching hospital status	0.107	0.054*	0.004	0.016	−0.025	0.025	−0.002	0.019
System/network affiliated	−0.026	0.041	−0.006	0.012	0.033	0.019M	0.020	0.014
No hospital board	0.486	0.218*	0.051	0.065	0.091	0.100	0.119	0.077
HMO ownership	0.008	0.047	−0.007	0.014	−0.003	0.022	−0.013	0.017
PPO ownership	−0.099	0.044*	0.001	0.013	0.000	0.020	0.024	0.015
Indemnity ownership	−0.021	0.059	−0.031	0.018M	−0.011	0.027	−0.024	0.021
Number of physician arrangements	−0.008	0.016	−0.001	0.005	−0.001	0.007	−0.007	0.006
RNs per inpatient day	−0.005	0.007	0.001	0.002	0.004	0.003	−0.002	0.002
Number of inpatient surgeries	−0.012	0.007M	0.000	0.002	−0.002	0.003	0.001	0.002
Public, nonfederal ownership	−0.028	0.044	0.001	0.013	0.039	0.020*	0.010	0.015
For-profit ownership	−0.220	0.064***	−0.022	0.019	0.014	0.030	−0.038	0.023M
Hospital profitability	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000
Outpatient/inpatient ratio	0.106	0.087	0.025	0.026	−0.064	0.040	0.039	0.030
Outpatient visits per bed	0.023	0.036	−0.020	0.011M	0.002	0.017	−0.033	0.013*
Perceived influence of FAACT	0.037	0.034	−0.010	0.010	−0.006	0.016	0.024	0.012M
Perceived influence of JCAHO	−0.016	0.015	−0.011	0.004*	−0.001	0.007	−0.015	0.005**
Perceived influence of NCQA	0.074	0.018***	0.008	0.005	0.006	0.008	0.002	0.006
Years of QI	0.007	0.008	0.008	0.002***	0.007	0.003*	0.005	0.003M
CEO participation in QI	0.025	0.015	0.011	0.005*	0.045	0.007***	0.020	0.005***
Board monitoring of QI	0.046	0.007***	0.007	0.002**	0.007	0.003*	0.001	0.003
Board activity in QI	0.021	0.011M	−0.004	0.003	0.008	0.005	0.001	0.004
Perceived barriers to QI	−0.090	0.019***	−0.025	0.006***	−0.005	0.009	−0.028	0.007***
Clinical IS capabilities	0.070	0.021**	0.015	0.006*	0.004	0.010	−0.004	0.007
Clinical integration	0.152	0.038***	0.009	0.011	0.036	0.017*	−0.005	0.013
Total expenses on QI	0.000	0.000M	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Integrated database	0.083	0.043M	−0.035	0.013**	0.023	0.020	0.005	0.015
Hospital size	6.4E-4	2.4E-4**	−2.8E-4	7.2E-5***	−9.6E-5	1.1E-4	−4.1E-4	8.5E-5***
Hospital size squared	−4.0E-7	2.8E-7	1.4E-7	8.4E-8M	−1.6E-7	1.3E-7	4.1E-7	1.0E-7***
N	1,726		1,726		1,726		1,733
Adjusted R2	0.16		0.08		0.06		0.12

^Mp<.10

^*p<.05

^**p<.01

^***p<.001.

QI, Quality Improvement; HMO, health maintenance organization; PPO, preferred provider organization; FAACT, Foundation for Accountability; JCAHO, Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; NCQA, National Committee of Quality Assurance; SE, standard error.