Table 2.
Factor | Number of reports | Epidemic or endemic? | Geographic data coverage available? |
Climatic factors: | |||
Higher rain than normal/floods | 17 | Epidemic | Indirectly |
Annual rainfall | 10 | Both | Yes |
Vegetation/NDVI | 6 | Both | Yes |
Length and timing of rain | 4 | Epidemic | Indirectly |
Temperature | 3 | Both | Yes |
Hydrological factors: | |||
Proximity to lake/dam | 6 | Both | Yes |
Irrigation | 6 | Both | No |
Dambos/accumulated water | 5 | Epidemic | Indirectly |
Proximity to river | 3 | Both | Yes |
Topographic factors: | |||
Land-cover type | 4 | Both | Yes |
Low-lying elevation | 3 | Both | Yes |
Ecological zone | 3 | Both | Yes |
Host and vector factors: | |||
Human factors | 10 | Epidemic | No |
Vector abundance | 7 | Both | No |
Importing infected animals | 6 | Epidemic | No |
Moving livestock to endemic focus | 4 | Epidemic | No |
Breed and other livestock factors | 4 | Both | No |
Sheep present | 2 | Epidemic | Indirectly |
Livestock density | 1 | Both | Yes |
Natural hosts/small mammals | 1 | Both | No |
Data were obtained via a systematic review of the literature. The availability of geographical information system-compatible electronic data for each variable was determined by a wide source of potential sources, including the internet.