Skip to main content
PMC home page
Canadian Medical Association Journal logoLink to Canadian Medical Association Journal
. 1981 May 15;124(10):1279-94, 1299.

Early identification of alcohol abuse: 2: Clinical and laboratory indicators.

S Holt, H A Skinner, Y Israel
PMCID: PMC1705422  PMID: 7016289

Abstract

Despite awareness of the wide variety of clinical and laboratory abnormalities associated with alcohol abuse, drinking problems often remain undetected in hospital and in general medical practice. The diagnosis of alcohol abuse has been emphasized repeatedly in the literature but far less attention has been paid to indicators that would permit detection of excessive drinking at a stage when intervention might be more effective and less costly. The search for indicators of early alcohol abuse is complicated since many of the medical sequelae of alcoholism are nonspecific and may only be manifested after a number of years of excessive drinking. Part 2 of this two-part series considers various clinical and laboratory features related to alcohol abuse and highlights items that are potentially more sensitive for detecting early stages of problem drinking. Use by physicians of a composite profile of both biomedical and psychosocial indicators of excessive alcohol consumption is recommended for early identification of this problem.

Full text

PDF
1293

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ASHER R., SMITH R. IT IS WORTH LOOKING AT CLOTHES. Arch Intern Med. 1964 Jul;114:33–35. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1964.03860070079006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alappatt J. L., Ananthachari M. D. A preliminary study of the structure and function of enlarged parotid glands in chronic relapsing pancreatitis by sialography and biopsy methods. Gut. 1967 Feb;8(1):42–45. doi: 10.1136/gut.8.1.42. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alexander C. S. Idiopathic heart disease. I. Analysis of 100 cases, with special reference to chronic alcoholism. Am J Med. 1966 Aug;41(2):213–228. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(66)90017-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Ashley M. J., Olin J. S., Le Riche W. H., Kornaczewski A., Schmidt W., Rankin J. G. Social class and morbidity in clinically treated alcoholics. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1976 Apr;1(4):263–276. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(76)90022-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ashley M. J., Olin J. S., le Riche W. H., Kornaczewski A., Schmidt W., Rankin J. G. "Continuous" and "intermittent" alcoholics: a comparison of demographic, sociological, and physical disease characteristics in relation to the pattern of drinking. Addict Dis. 1976;2(3):515–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Ashley M. J., Olin J. S., le Riche W. H., Kornaczewski A., Schmidt W., Rankin J. G. Skid row alcoholism. A distinct sociomedical entity. Arch Intern Med. 1976 Mar;136(3):272–278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ashley M. J., Rankin J. G. Alcohol consumption and hypertension--the evidence from hazardous drinking and alcoholic populations. Aust N Z J Med. 1979 Apr;9(2):201–206. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1979.tb04330.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Augustine J. R. Laboratory studies in acute alcoholics. Can Med Assoc J. 1967 May 20;96(20):1367–1370. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Avogaro P., Cazzolato G. Changes in the composition and physico-chemical characteristics of serum lipoproteins during ethanol-induced lipaemia in alcoholic subjects. Metabolism. 1975 Nov;24(11):1231–1242. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(75)90062-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BARBORIAK J. J. DRUG REACTIONS AFTER INGESTION OF ALCOHOL. Wis Med J. 1964 Apr;63:213–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. BARR J. B., RALSTON G. J. HEAD INJURIES IN A PERIPHERAL HOSPITAL. A FIVE-YEAR SURVEY. Lancet. 1964 Sep 5;2(7358):519–522. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(64)90470-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. BORSANYI S., BLANCHARD C. L. A symptomatic enlargement of the parotid glands. Its diagnostic significance and particular relation to Laennec's cirrhosis. JAMA. 1960 Sep 3;174:20–23. doi: 10.1001/jama.1960.03030010022005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. BRIGDEN W., ROBINSON J. ALCOHOLIC HEART DISEASE. Br Med J. 1964 Nov 21;2(5420):1283–1289. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5420.1283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Baillie M. Alcohol and the liver. Gut. 1971 Mar;12(3):222–229. doi: 10.1136/gut.12.3.222. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Baines M. Detection and incidence of B and C vitamin deficiency in alcohol-related illness. Ann Clin Biochem. 1978 Nov;15(6):307–312. doi: 10.1177/000456327801500173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Barboriak J. J., Rimm A. A., Anderson A. J., Schmidhoffer M., Tristani F. E. Coronary artery occlusion and alcohol intake. Br Heart J. 1977 Mar;39(3):289–293. doi: 10.1136/hrt.39.3.289. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Beard J. D., Knott D. H. Fluid and electrolyte balance during acute withdrawal in chronic alcoholic patients. JAMA. 1968 Apr 8;204(2):135–139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Belfrage P., Berg B., Hägerstrand I., Nilsson-Ehle P., Tornqvist H., Wiebe T. Alterations of lipid metabolism in healthy volunteers during long-term ethanol intake. Eur J Clin Invest. 1977 Apr;7(2):127–131. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1977.tb01584.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bhathal P. S., Wilkinson P., Clifton S., Rankin J. G., Santamaria J. N. The spectrum of liver diseases in alcoholism. Aust N Z J Med. 1975 Feb;5(1):49–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1975.tb03255.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Brayton R. G., Stokes P. E., Schwartz M. S., Louria D. B. Effect of alcohol and various diseases on leukocyte mobilization, phagocytosis and intracellular bacterial killing. N Engl J Med. 1970 Jan 15;282(3):123–128. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197001152820303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Brenner B., Selzer M. L. Risk of causing a fatal accident associated with alcoholism, psychopathology, and stress: further analysis of previous data. Behav Sci. 1969 Nov;14(6):490–495. doi: 10.1002/bs.3830140607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Buffet C., Chaput J. C., Albuisson F., Subtil E., Etienne J. P. La macrocytose dans l'hépatite alcoolique chronique histologiquement prouvée. Arch Fr Mal App Dig. 1975 Jun;64(4):309–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Burch G. E., DePasquale N. P. Alcoholic lung disease--an hypothesis. Am Heart J. 1967 Feb;73(2):147–148. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(67)90140-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Carney M. W., Sheffield B. Serum folate and B12 and haematological status of in-patient alcoholics. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs. 1978 Mar;73(1):3–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00112.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Castelli W. P., Doyle J. T., Gordon T., Hames C. G., Hjortland M. C., Hulley S. B., Kagan A., Zukel W. J. Alcohol and blood lipids. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study. Lancet. 1977 Jul 23;2(8030):153–155. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90176-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Chafetz M. E. Alcoholism prevention and reality. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1967 Jun;28(2):345–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Chait A., Mancini M., February A. W., Lewis B. Clinical and metabolic study of alcoholic hyperlipidaemia. Lancet. 1972 Jul 8;2(7767):62–64. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)91552-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Chaput J. C., Petite J. P., Gueroult N., Buffet C., Regensberg M., Etienne J. P. La fibroscopie d'urgence dans les hémorragies digestives des cirrhoses. A propos de 100 cas. Nouv Presse Med. 1974 May 11;3(19):1227–1230. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cohen J. A., Kaplan M. M. The SGOT/SGPT ratio--an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1979 Nov;24(11):835–838. doi: 10.1007/BF01324898. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Collins M. A., Nijm W. P., Borge G. F., Teas G., Goldfarb C. Dopamine-related tetrahydroisoquinolines: significant urinary excretion by alcoholics after alcohol consumption. Science. 1979 Dec 7;206(4423):1184–1186. doi: 10.1126/science.505002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Cooke A. R. Ethanol and gastric function. Gastroenterology. 1972 Mar;62(3):501–502. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Cowan D. H., Hines J. D. Thrombocytopenia of severe alcoholism. Ann Intern Med. 1971 Jan;74(1):37–43. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-74-1-37. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. DUGGAN J. J., ROTHBELL E. N. Asymptomatic enlargement of the parotid glands. N Engl J Med. 1957 Dec 26;257(26):1262–1267. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195712262572603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Danielsson B., Ekman R., Fex G., Johansson B. G., Kristensson H., Nilsson-Ehle P., Wadstein J. Changes in plasma high density lipoproteins in chronic male alcoholics during and after abuse. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1978 Apr;38(2):113–119. doi: 10.1080/00365517809156078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Davenport H. W. Gastric mucosal hemorrhage in dogs. Effects of acid, aspirin, and alcohol. Gastroenterology. 1969 Mar;56(3):439–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Davidson D., Leibel B. S., Berris B. Asmymptomatic parotid gland enlargement in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1969 Jan;70(1):31–38. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-70-1-31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Demakis J. G., Proskey A., Rahimtoola S. H., Jamil M., Sutton G. C., Rosen K. M., Gunnar R. M., Tobin J. R. The natural course of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Ann Intern Med. 1974 Mar;80(3):293–297. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-80-3-293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Dennish G. W., Castell D. O. Inhibitory effect of smoking on the lower esophageal sphincter. N Engl J Med. 1971 May 20;284(20):1136–1137. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197105202842007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Dienstag J. L., Carter E. A., Wands J. R., Isselbacher K. J., Fischer J. E. Plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine ratio: nonspecificity as a marker for alcoholism. Gastroenterology. 1978 Oct;75(4):561–565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Douglass C. C., Twomey J. J. Transient stomatocytosis with hemolysis: a previously unrecognized complication of alcoholism. Ann Intern Med. 1970 Feb;72(2):159–164. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-72-2-159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. ENGESET A., LYGREN T., IDSOEE R. THE INCIDENCE OF PEPTIC ULCER AMONG ALCOHOL ABUSERS AND NONABUSERS. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1963 Dec;24:622–626. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Ellingboe J., Mendelson J. H., Varanelli C. C., Neuberger O., Borysow M. Plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid: leucine ratio. Normal values in alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol. 1978 Sep;39(9):1467–1476. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1978.39.1467. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Eschwege E., Papoz L., Lellouch J., Claude J. R., Cubeau J., Pequignot G., Richard J. L., Schwartz D. Blood cells and alcohol consumption with special reference to smoking habits. J Clin Pathol. 1978 Jul;31(7):654–658. doi: 10.1136/jcp.31.7.654. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. FAHLGREN H., HED R., LUNDMARK C. Myonecrosis and myoglobinuria in alcohol and barbiturate intoxication. Acta Med Scand. 1957 Oct 15;158(6):405–412. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1957.tb15508.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ferguson D. Some characteristics of repeated sickness absence. Br J Ind Med. 1972 Oct;29(4):420–431. doi: 10.1136/oem.29.4.420. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Fisher J. C., Mason R. L., Fisher J. V. A diagnostic formula for alcoholism. J Stud Alcohol. 1976 Sep;37(9):1247–1255. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1976.37.1247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Flynn V. T., Spurrett B. R. Sister Joseph's nodule. Med J Aust. 1969 Apr 5;1(14):728–730. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1969.tb105481.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. GREEN J. R. SUBCLINICAL ACUTE LIVER DISEASE OF THE ALCOHOLIC. Australas Ann Med. 1965 May;14:111–124. doi: 10.1111/imj.1965.14.2.111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Galambos J. T. Alcoholic hepatitis: its therapy and prognosis. Prog Liver Dis. 1972;4:567–588. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Galbraith S., Murray W. R., Patel A. R., Knill-Jones R. The relationship between alcohol and head injury and its effect on the conscious level. Br J Surg. 1976 Feb;63(2):128–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Galizzi J., Morgan M. Y., Chitranukroh A., Sherlock S. The detection of minimal alcoholic liver disease by three methods. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1978;13(7):827–831. doi: 10.3109/00365527809182198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Gellens H. K., Gottheil E., Arayata L., Alterman A. I. Blood chemistry changes in drinking alcoholics. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs. 1976 Jun;71(2):103–108. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1976.tb00066.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Gomberg E. S. Prevalence of alcoholism among ward patients in a veterans administration hospital. J Stud Alcohol. 1975 Nov;36(11):1458–1467. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1975.36.1458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Grahn E. P., Dietz A. A., Stefani S. S., Donnelly W. J. Burr cells, hemolytic anemia and cirrhosis. Am J Med. 1968 Jul;45(1):78–87. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(68)90009-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Gross M. M., Goodenough D., Tobin M., Halpert E., Lepore D., Perlstein A., Sirota M., Dibianco J., Fuller R., Kishner I. Sleep disturbances and hallucinations in the acute alcoholic psychoses. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1966 Jun;142(6):493–514. doi: 10.1097/00005053-196606000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Gyntelberg F., Meyer J. Relationship between blood pressure and physical fitness, smoking and alcohol consumption in Copenhagen males aged 40-59. Acta Med Scand. 1974 May;195(5):375–380. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1974.tb08155.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. HERBERT V., ZALUSKY R., DAVIDSON C. S. Correlation of folate deficiency with alcoholism and associated macrocytosis, anemia, and liver disease. Ann Intern Med. 1963 Jun;58:977–988. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-58-6-977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Hamlyn A. N., Brown A. J., Sherlock S., Baron D. N. Casual blood-ethanol estimations in patients with chronic liver disease. Lancet. 1975 Aug 23;2(7930):345–347. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92781-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hed R., Lindblad L. E., Nygren A., Sundblad L. Forearm glucose uptake during glucose tolerance tests in chronic alcoholics. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1977 May;37(3):229–233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Hilderbrand R. L., Hervig L. K., Conway T. L., Ward H. W., Markland F. S. Alcohol intake, ratio of plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in nonalcoholics. J Stud Alcohol. 1979 Sep;40(9):902–905. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1979.40.902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Hill S. Y., Goodwin D. W., Cadoret R., Osterland C. K., Doner S. M. Association and linkage between alcoholism and eleven serological markers. J Stud Alcohol. 1975 Jul;36(7):981–992. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1975.36.981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Hines J. D. Reversible megaloblastic and sideroblastic marrow abnormalities in alcoholic patients. Br J Haematol. 1969 Jan-Feb;16(1):87–101. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1969.tb00381.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Hogan W. J., Viegas de Andrade S. R., Winship D. H. Ethanol-induced acute esophageal motor dysfunction. J Appl Physiol. 1972 Jun;32(6):755–760. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1972.32.6.755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Holt S., Stewart I. C., Dixon J. M., Elton R. A., Taylor T. V., Little K. Alcohol and the emergency service patient. Br Med J. 1980 Sep 6;281(6241):638–640. doi: 10.1136/bmj.281.6241.638. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Hulley S. B., Cohen R., Widdowson G. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Influence of risk factor intervention. JAMA. 1977 Nov 21;238(21):2269–2271. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Hunter J., Maxwell J. D., Carrella M., Stewart D. A., Williams R. Urinary D-glucaric-acid excretion as a test for hepatic enzyme induction in man. Lancet. 1971 Mar 20;1(7699):572–575. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91166-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Isenberg J., Boyle J. D. Recurrrent parotid swelling, arterial hypertension, and pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1968 Aug;55(2):277–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Israel Y., Orrego H., Holt S., Macdonald D. W., Meema H. E. Identification of alcohol abuse: thoracic fractures on routine chest X-rays as indicators of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1980 Oct;4(4):420–422. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1980.tb04842.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. JANDL J. H. The anemia of liver disease: observations on its mechanism. J Clin Invest. 1955 Mar;34(3):390–404. doi: 10.1172/JCI103087. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. JOSKE R. A., FINCKH E. S., WOOD I. J. Gastric biopsy; a study of 1,000 consecutive successful gastric biopsies. Q J Med. 1955 Jul;24(95):269–294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. JOSKE R. A., TURNER C. N. Studies in chronic alcoholism. I. The clinical findings in 78 cases of chronic alcoholism. Med J Aust. 1952 May 31;1(22):729–734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Jarrold T., Will J. J., Davies A. R., Duffey P. H., Bramschreiber J. L. Bone marrow-erythroid morphology in alcoholic patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1967 Jul;20(7):716–722. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/20.7.716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Johansson B. G., Medhus A. Increase in plasma alpha-lipoproteins in chronic alcoholics after acute abuse. Acta Med Scand. 1974 Apr;195(4):273–277. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1974.tb08137.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Johnson L. C., Burdick J. A., Smith J. Sleep during alcohol intake and withdrawal in the chronic alcoholic. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1970 May;22(5):406–418. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01740290022004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. KOKOT F., KUSKA J. UBER DIE BEDEUTUNG DER ISOENZYME DER GAMMA-GLUTAMYL-TRANSPEPTIDASE IN DER KLINISCHEN DIAGNOSTIK. Clin Chim Acta. 1965 Feb;11:118–121. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(65)90204-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Kaltreider H. B., Talal N. Bilateral parotid gland enlargement and hyperlipoproteinemia. JAMA. 1969 Dec 15;210(11):2067–2070. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Kaufman S. E., Kaye M. D. Effect of ethanol upon gastric emptying. Gut. 1979 Aug;20(8):688–692. doi: 10.1136/gut.20.8.688. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Kendell R. E. Alcoholism: a medical or a political problem? Br Med J. 1979 Feb 10;1(6160):367–371. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6160.367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Kerr T. A., Kay D. W., Lassman L. P. Characteristics of patients, type of accident, and mortality in a consecutive series of head injuries admitted to a neurosurgical unit. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1971 Nov;25(4):179–185. doi: 10.1136/jech.25.4.179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Klatsky A. L., Friedman G. D., Siegelaub A. B., Gérard M. J. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure Kaiser-Permanente Multiphasic Health Examination data. N Engl J Med. 1977 May 26;296(21):1194–1200. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197705262962103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Knott D. H., Beard J. D. Liver function in apparently healthy chronic alcoholic patients. Am J Med Sci. 1966 Sep;252(3):260–264. doi: 10.1097/00000441-196609000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Koch-Weser J., Sellers E. M., Kalant H. Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. N Engl J Med. 1976 Apr 1;294(14):757–762. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197604012941405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Konttinen A., Härtel G., Louhija A. Multiple serum enzyme analyses in chronic alcoholics. Acta Med Scand. 1970 Oct;188(4):257–264. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1970.tb08034.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Konttinen A., Härtel G., Louhija A. Multiple serum enzyme analyses in chronic alcoholics. Acta Med Scand. 1970 Oct;188(4):257–264. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1970.tb08034.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Krasner N., Cochran K. M., Russell R. I., Carmichael H. A., Thompson G. G. Alcohol and absorption from the small intestine. 1. Impairment of absorption from the small intestine in alcoholics. Gut. 1976 Apr;17(4):245–248. doi: 10.1136/gut.17.4.245. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Krawitt E. L. Effect of ethanol ingestion on duodenal calcium transport. J Lab Clin Med. 1975 Apr;85(4):665–671. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. LEEVY C. M., FINEBERG J. C., WHITE T. J., GNASSI A. M. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria in the chronic alcoholic with hepatic insufficiency; clinical observations in 10 patients. Am J Med Sci. 1952 Jan;223(1):88–95. doi: 10.1097/00000441-195201000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. LEEVY C. M., ZINKE M. R., WHITE T. J., GNASSI A. M. Clinical observations on the fatty liver. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1953 Oct;92(4):527–541. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1953.00240220075012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. LIEBER C. S., JONES D. P., LOSOWSKY M. S., DAVIDSON C. S. Interrelation of uric acid and ethanol metabolism in man. J Clin Invest. 1962 Oct;41:1863–1870. doi: 10.1172/JCI104643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Lamy J., Baglin M. C., Ferrant J. P., Weill J. Diminution de la gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase serique des ethyliques a la suite du sevrage. Clin Chim Acta. 1974 Oct 30;56(2):169–173. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(74)90225-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Lee K., Møller L., Hardt F., Haubek A., Jensen E. Alcohol-induced brain damage and liver damage in young males. Lancet. 1979 Oct 13;2(8146):759–761. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92113-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Lefèvre A., Adler H., Lieber C. S. Effect of ethanol on ketone metabolism. J Clin Invest. 1970 Oct;49(10):1775–1782. doi: 10.1172/JCI106395. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Lelbach W. K. Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease. Prog Liver Dis. 1976;5:494–515. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Lemere F., Smith J. W. Alcohol-induced sexual impotence. Am J Psychiatry. 1973 Feb;130(2):212–213. doi: 10.1176/ajp.130.2.212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Levi A. J., Chalmers D. M. Recognition of alcoholic liver disease in a district general hospital. Gut. 1978 Jun;19(6):521–525. doi: 10.1136/gut.19.6.521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Levy L. J., Duga J., Girgis M., Gordon E. E. Ketoacidosis associated with alcoholism in nondiabetic subjects. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Feb;78(2):213–219. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-78-2-213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Lewin K. The finger nail in general disease. A macroscopic and microscopic study of 87 consecutive autopsies. Br J Dermatol. 1965 Aug-Sep;77(8):431–438. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1965.tb14673.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Lieber C. S. Liver adaptation and injury in alcoholism. N Engl J Med. 1973 Feb 15;288(7):356–362. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197302152880710. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Lieber C. S., Spritz N., DeCarli L. M. Role of dietary, adipose, and endogenously synthesized fatty acids in the pathogenesis of the alcoholic fatty liver. J Clin Invest. 1966 Jan;45(1):51–62. doi: 10.1172/JCI105323. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Lindenbaum J., Hargrove R. L. Thrombocytopenia in alcoholics. Ann Intern Med. 1968 Mar;68(3):526–532. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-68-3-526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Lindenbaum J., Lieber C. S. Effects of chronic ethanol administration on intestinal absorption in man in the absence of nutritional deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1975 Apr 25;252:228–234. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb19161.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Lum G., Gambino S. R. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity as an indicator of disease of liver, pancreas, or bone. Clin Chem. 1972 Apr;18(4):358–362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. MCFARLAND W., LIBRE E. P. ABNORMAL LEUKOCYTE RESPONSE IN ALCOHOLISM. Ann Intern Med. 1963 Dec;59:865–877. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-59-6-865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. MENDELSON J. H., CHAFETZ M. E. Alcoholism as an emergency ward problem. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1959 Jun;20(2):270–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. MUEHRCKE R. C. The finger-nails in chronic hypoalbuminaemia; a new physical sign. Br Med J. 1956 Jun 9;1(4979):1327–1328. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4979.1327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Mackay I. R. The effects of alcohol on the gastro-intestinal tract. Med J Aust. 1966 Aug 20;2(8):372–376. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1966.tb73647.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Mandel L., Baurmash H. Parotid enlargement due to alcoholism. J Am Dent Assoc. 1971 Feb;82(2):369–373. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1971.0043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Margolis J., Roberts D. M. Frequency of skin lesions in chronic drinkers. Arch Dermatol. 1976 Sep;112(9):1326–1326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Marks R. Concepts in the pathogenesis of rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 1968 Mar;80(3):170–177. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb12288.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Martin-Boyce A., Schwartz D., Dreyfus J., Schneegans P. Biochemical and haematological markers of alcohol intake. Lancet. 1978 Sep 2;2(8088):529–529. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92257-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. McColl K. E., Whiting B., Moore M. R., Goldberg A. Correlation of ethanol concentrations in blood and saliva. Clin Sci (Lond) 1979 Mar;56(3):283–286. doi: 10.1042/cs0560283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Medhus A. Morbidity among female alcoholics. Scand J Soc Med. 1974;2(1):5–11. doi: 10.1177/140349487400200102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Mezey E. Increased urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid in alcoholism. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1976 Dec;15(4):735–742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Mezey E., Jow E., Slavin R. E., Tobon F. Pancreatic function and intestinal absorption in chronic alcoholism. Gastroenterology. 1970 Nov;59(5):657–664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Miller W. R. Alcoholism scales and objective assessment methods: a review. Psychol Bull. 1976 Jul;83(4):649–674. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Milstein H. J., Bloomer J. R., Klatskin G. Serum bile acids in alcoholic liver disease. Comparison with histological features of the disease. Am J Dig Dis. 1976 Apr;21(4):281–285. doi: 10.1007/BF01071839. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Miyazaki S., Okumura M. Change of serum -glutamyl transpeptidase level and isoenzyme pattern in hepatobiliary pancreatic disease. Clin Chim Acta. 1972 Aug;40(1):193–197. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90270-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Morgan M. Y., Milsom J. P., Sherlock S. Ratio of plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid to leucine as an empirical marker of alcoholism: diagnostic value. Science. 1977 Sep 16;197(4309):1183–1185. doi: 10.1126/science.561441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Myrhed M., Berglund L., Böttiger L. E. Alcohol consumption and hematology. Acta Med Scand. 1977;202(1-2):11–15. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1977.tb16774.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Neustadt J. O. The vise of alcohol. Md State Med J. 1966 May;15(5):25–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Nikkilä E. A., Taskinen M. R. Relation between H.D.L.-cholesterol levels and triglyceride metabolism. Lancet. 1978 Oct 21;2(8095):892–892. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91595-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Nilsson B. E. Conditions contributing to fracture of the femoral neck. Acta Chir Scand. 1970;136(5):383–384. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Nygren A., Sundblad L. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in serum and skeletal muscle in intoxicated alcoholics. Acta Med Scand. 1971 Apr;189(4):303–307. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1971.tb04380.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. O'HOLLAREN P., WELLMAN W. M. Hidden alcoholics. Calif Med. 1958 Aug;89(2):129–131. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. ORTEN J. M., DOEHR S. A., BOND C., JOHNSON H., PAPPAS A. URINARY EXCRETION OF PORPHYRINS AND PORPHYRIN INTERMEDIATES IN HUMAN ALCOHOLICS. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1963 Dec;24:598–609. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Orrego H., Blake J. E., Blendis L. M., Kapur B. M., Israel Y. Reliability of assessment of alcohol intake based on personal interviews in a liver clinic. Lancet. 1979 Dec 22;2(8156-8157):1354–1356. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92831-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Orrego H., Blake J. E., Blendis L. M., Kapur B. M., Israel Y. Reliability of assessment of alcohol intake based on personal interviews in a liver clinic. Lancet. 1979 Dec 22;2(8156-8157):1354–1356. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92831-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Orrego H., Kalant H., Israel Y., Blake J., Medline A., Rankin J. G., Armstrong A., Kapur B. Effect of short-term therapy with propylthiouracil in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology. 1979 Jan;76(1):105–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. PALMER E. D. Gastritis: a revaluation. Medicine (Baltimore) 1954 Sep;33(3):199–290. doi: 10.1097/00005792-195409000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. PEARSON W. S. The "hidden" alcoholic in the general hospital. A study of "hidden" alcoholism in white male patients admitted for unrelated complaints. N C Med J. 1962 Jan;23:6–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Pell S., D'Alonzo C. A. The prevalence of chronic disease among problem drinkers. Arch Environ Health. 1968 May;16(5):679–684. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1968.10665128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Pequignot G., Tuyns A. J., Berta J. L. Ascitic cirrhosis in relation to alcohol consumption. Int J Epidemiol. 1978 Jun;7(2):113–120. doi: 10.1093/ije/7.2.113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Phillips G. B., Safrit H. F. Alcoholic diabetes. Induction of glucose intolerance with alcohol. JAMA. 1971 Sep 13;217(11):1513–1519. doi: 10.1001/jama.217.11.1513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Pirola R. C., Davis A. E. Effects of intravenous alcohol on motility of the duodenum and of the sphincter of Oddi. Australas Ann Med. 1970 Feb;19(1):24–29. doi: 10.1111/imj.1970.19.1.24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Pitchumoni C. S., Glass G. B. Patterns of gastritis in alcoholics. Biol Gastroenterol (Paris) 1976 Jan-Feb;9(1):11–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Pomerleau O., Pertschuk M., Adkins D., Brady J. P. A comparison of behavioral and traditional treatment for middle-income problem drinkers. J Behav Med. 1978 Jun;1(2):187–200. doi: 10.1007/BF00846639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. ROBERTS K. E. MECHANISM OF DEHYDRATION FOLLOWING ALCOHOL INGESTION. Arch Intern Med. 1963 Aug;112:154–157. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1963.03860020052002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. ROWBOTHAM G. F., MACIVER I. N., DICKSON J., BOUSFIELD M. E. Analysis of 1,400 cases of acute injury to the head. Br Med J. 1954 Mar 27;1(4864):726–730. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4864.726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Rankin J. G., Hale G. S., Wilkinson P., O'Day D. M., Santamaria J. N., Babarczy G. Relationship between smoking and pulmonary disease in alcoholism. Med J Aust. 1969 Apr 5;1(14):730–733. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1969.tb105482.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Rankin J. G., Orrego-Matte H., Deschênes J., Medline A., Findlay J. E., Armstrong A. I. Alcoholic liver disease: the problem of diagnosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1978 Oct;2(4):327–338. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1978.tb04738.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Reece R. L., Wegner M. E. Chemical patterns of 500 alcoholics. Minn Med. 1970 May;53(5):575–577. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Reyes E., Miller W. R., Taylor C. A., Spalding C. T. The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the serum of problem drinkers. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1978;21:289–297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Robinson D., Monk C., Bailey A. The relationship between serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level and reported alcohol consumption in healthy men. J Stud Alcohol. 1979 Sep;40(9):896–901. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1979.40.896. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Robles E. A., Mezey E., Halsted C. H., Schuster M. M. Effect of ethanol on motility of the small intestine. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1974 Jul;135(1):17–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Rollason J. G., Pincherle G., Robinson D. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in relation to alcohol consumption. Clin Chim Acta. 1972 Jun;39(1):75–80. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90301-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Rosalki S. B., Rau D. Serum -glutamyl transpeptidase activity in alcoholism. Clin Chim Acta. 1972 Jun;39(1):41–47. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90297-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Rosset M., Oki G. Skin diseases in alcoholics. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1971 Dec;32(4):1017–1024. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Rubin E. Alcoholic myopathy in heart and skeletal muscle. N Engl J Med. 1979 Jul 5;301(1):28–33. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197907053010107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Rubington E. The hidden alcoholic. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1972 Sep;33(3):667–683. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Rutherford W. H. Diagnosis of alcohol ingestion in mild head injuries. Lancet. 1977 May 14;1(8020):1021–1023. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91256-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. SEELEY J. R. Death by liver cirrhosis and the price of beverage alcohol. Can Med Assoc J. 1960 Dec 24;83:1361–1366. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. SMITH J. A., LONERGAN E. T., STERLING K. SPUR-CELL ANEMIA: HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA WITH RED CELLS RESEMBLING ACANTHOCYTES IN ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS. N Engl J Med. 1964 Aug 20;271:396–398. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196408202710804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Saville P. D. Alcohol-related skeletal disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1975 Apr 25;252:287–291. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb19169.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Schmidt W., De Lint J. Causes of death of alcoholics. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1972 Mar;33(1):171–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Schmidt W., Popham R. E. Heavy alcohol consumption and physical health problems: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1975 Sep;1(1):27–50. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(75)90005-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Shaw S., Lue S. L., Lieber C. S. Biochemical tests for the detection of alcoholism: comparison of plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid with other available tests. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1978 Jan;2(1):3–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1978.tb04684.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Shaw S., Stimmel B., Lieber C. S. Plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid to leucine ratio: an empirical biochemical marker of alcoholism. Science. 1976 Dec 3;194(4269):1057–1058. doi: 10.1126/science.824734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Shaw S., Worner T. M., Borysow M. F., Schmitz R. E., Lieber C. S. Detection of alcoholism relapse: comparative diagnostic value of MCV, GGTP, and AANB. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1979 Oct;3(4):297–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1979.tb05326.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Sher P. P. Diagnostic effectiveness of biochemical liver-function tests, as evaluated by discriminant function analysis. Clin Chem. 1977;23(4):627–630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Shrivastava K. C., Orten J. M. Urinary excretion of coproporphyrin in alcoholics. Studies on "single-voiding" samples. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1972 Dec;33(4):962–965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Singh S. P., Patel D. G. Effects of ethanol on carbohydrate metabolism: I. Influence on oral glucose tolerance test. Metabolism. 1976 Feb;25(2):239–243. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(76)90055-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Skinner H. A., Holt S., Allen B. A., Haakonson N. H. Correlation between medical and behavioral data in the assessment of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1980 Oct;4(4):371–377. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1980.tb04834.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Skude G., Wadstein J. Amylase, hepatic enzymes and bilirubin in serum of chronic alcoholics. Acta Med Scand. 1977 Jan;201(1-2):53–58. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1977.tb15654.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Smith J. D., Smith E. B. Multiple fire ant stings. A complication of alcoholism. Arch Dermatol. 1971 Apr;103(4):438–441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Smith J. W., Lemere F., Dunn R. B. Impotence in alcoholism. Northwest Med. 1972 Jul;71(7):523–524. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Song S. K., Rubin E. Ethanol produces muscle damage in human volunteers. Science. 1972 Jan 21;175(4019):327–328. doi: 10.1126/science.175.4019.327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Sotaniemi E. A., Medzihradsky F., Eliasson G. Glucaric acid as an indicator of use of enzyme-inducing drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1974 Apr;15(4):417–423. doi: 10.1002/cpt1974154417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Spodick D. H., Pigott V. M., Chirife R. Preclinical cardiac malfunction in chronic alcoholism. Comparison with matched normal controls and with alcoholic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1972 Oct 5;287(14):677–680. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197210052871401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Stibler H., Borg S., Allgulander C. Clinical significance of abnormal heterogeneity of transferrin in relation to alcohol consumption. Acta Med Scand. 1979;206(4):275–281. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1979.tb13510.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Su C. K., Patek A. J., Jr Dupuytren's contracture. Its association with alcoholism and cirrhosis. Arch Intern Med. 1970 Aug;126(2):278–281. doi: 10.1001/archinte.126.2.278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Szewczuk A. A soluble form of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in human tissues. Clin Chim Acta. 1966 Nov;14(5):608–614. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(66)90184-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. TANYOL H. The contribution of excessive consumption of alcohol to the development of varicose veins. A re-evaluation of the role of valvular incompetence and suggestions concerning the possible role of increased blood flow in the genesis of varicose veins. Surgery. 1960 Dec;48:1061–1067. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. TERRY R. White nails in hepatic cirrhosis. Lancet. 1954 Apr 10;266(6815):757–759. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(54)92717-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Tennant F. S., Jr, Day C. M., Ungerleider J. T. Screening for drug and alcohol abuse in a general medical population. JAMA. 1979 Aug 10;242(6):533–535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Teschke R., Brand A., Strohmeyer G. Induction of hepatic microsomal gamma-glutamyltransferase activity following chronic alcohol consumption. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1977 Apr 11;75(3):718–724. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91531-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Tomasulo P. A., Kater R. M., Iber F. L. Impairment of thiamine absorption in alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr. 1968 Nov;21(11):1341–1344. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/21.11.1341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Unger K. W., Johnson D., Jr Red blood cell mean corpuscular volume: a potential indicator of alcohol usage in a working population. Am J Med Sci. 1974 May;267(5):281–289. doi: 10.1097/00000441-197405000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. VICTOR M. Alcohol and nutritional diseases of the nervous system. J Am Med Assoc. 1958 May 3;167(1):65–71. doi: 10.1001/jama.1958.72990180006017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Van Thiel D. H., Lester R. Alcoholism: its effect on hypothalamic pituitary gonadal function. Gastroenterology. 1976 Aug;71(2):318–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Van Waes L., Lieber C. S. Glutamate dehydrogenase: a reliable marker of liver cell necrosis in the alcoholic. Br Med J. 1977 Dec 10;2(6101):1508–1510. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6101.1508. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Veltkamp J. J., Kreuning J. The diagnostic value of coagulation studies in chronic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1973;19:93–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. WOLFE S. J., SUMMERSKILL W. H., DAVIDSON C. S. Parotid swelling alcoholism and cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1957 Mar 14;256(11):491–495. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195703142561103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Waern U., Boberg J., Hellsing K. Evaluation of indices of alcohol intake in a population of 60-year-old men in Uppsala, Sweden. Acta Med Scand. 1979;205(5):353–360. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1979.tb06064.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Wald A., Back C., Bayless T. M. Effect of caffeine on the human small intestine. Gastroenterology. 1976 Nov;71(5):738–742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Walls W. D., Losowsky M. S. The hemostatic defect of liver disease. Gastroenterology. 1971 Jan;60(1):108–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Waters A. H., Morley A. A., Rankin J. G. Effect of alcohol on haemopoiesis. Br Med J. 1966 Dec 24;2(5529):1565–1568. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5529.1565. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Wechsler H., Kasey E. H., Thum D., Demone H. W., Jr Alcohol level and home accidents. Public Health Rep. 1969 Dec;84(12):1043–1050. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Westerman M. P., Balcerzak S. P., Heinle E. W., Jr Red cell lipids in Zieve's syndrome: their relation to hemolysis and to red cell osmotic fragility. J Lab Clin Med. 1968 Oct;72(4):663–669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Westwood M., Cohen M. I., McNamara H. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase acitvity: a chemical determinant of alcohol consumption during adolescence. Pediatrics. 1978 Oct;62(4):560–562. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Whitehead T. P., Clarke C. A., Whitfield A. G. Biochemical and haematological markers of alcohol intake. Lancet. 1978 May 6;1(8071):978–981. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90261-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Whitfield J. B., Hensley W. J., Bryden D., Gallagher H. Effects of age and sex on biochemical responses to drinking habits. Med J Aust. 1978 Dec 30;2(14):629–632. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131793.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Whitfield J. B., Hensley W. J., Bryden D., Gallagher H. Estimation of alcohol intake from laboratory results. Ann Clin Biochem. 1978 Nov;15(6):304–306. doi: 10.1177/000456327801500172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Wilkinson D. A., Carlen P. L. Relationship of neuropsychological test performance to brain morphology in amnesic and non-amnesic chronic alcoholics. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1980;286:89–101. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb08057.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Wilkinson P., Kornaczewski A., Rankin J. G., Santamaria J. N. Physical disease in alcoholism. Initial survey of 1,000 patients. Med J Aust. 1971 Jun 5;1(23):1217–1223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Williams P., Robinson D., Bailey A. High-density lipoprotein and coronary risk factors in normal men. Lancet. 1979 Jan;1(8107):72–75. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90063-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Wilson G. T. Alcohol and human sexual behavior. Behav Res Ther. 1977;15(3):239–252. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(77)90021-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Woeber K. The skin in diagnosis of alcoholism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1975 Apr 25;252:292–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb19170.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Wolff G. Does alcohol cause chronic gastritis? Scand J Gastroenterol. 1970;5(4):289–291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Wu A., Chanarin I., Levi A. J. Macrocytosis of chronic alcoholism. Lancet. 1974 May 4;1(7862):829–831. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90482-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Wu A., Chanarin I., Slavin G., Levi A. J. Folate deficiency in the alcoholic--its relationship to clinical and haematological abnormalities, liver disease and folate stores. Br J Haematol. 1975 Mar;29(3):469–478. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb01844.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Yano K., Rhoads G. G., Kagan A. Coffee, alcohol and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men living in Hawaii. N Engl J Med. 1977 Aug 25;297(8):405–409. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197708252970801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Young A. W., Jr, Rosenberg F. R. Cutaneous stigmas of heroin addiction. Arch Dermatol. 1971 Jul;104(1):80–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Yules R. B., Lippman M. E., Freedman D. X. Alcohol administration prior to sleep. The effect on EEG sleep stages. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1967 Jan;16(1):94–97. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730190096012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. ZIEVE L. Jaundice, hyperlipemia and hemolytic anemia: a heretofore unrecognized syndrome associated with alcoholic fatty liver and cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med. 1958 Mar;48(3):471–496. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-48-3-471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Zein M., Discombe G. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as a diagnostic aid. Lancet. 1970 Oct 10;2(7676):748–750. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90222-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Zylman R., Bacon S. D. Police records and accidents involving alcohol. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1968 May;(Suppl):178+–178+. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Canadian Medical Association Journal are provided here courtesy of Canadian Medical Association

RESOURCES